Quiz 1 Review Flashcards by Donny Le

What is the Blood Brain Barrier created by?

Astrocytes

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What type of molecules does the Blood Brain Barrier allow in?

Small Lipophilic Molecules

EX: Scopolamine

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What does the Blood Brain Barrier NOT allow in?

Large Charged Molecules

EX: Glycopyrrolate

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What produces Myelin?

Schwann Cells in the PNS - can wrap only one axon

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What is the function of Myelin?

Surrounds & Protects Peripheral Nervous System Axons

↑Nerve Conduction Velocity

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What disease causes CNS Demyelination?

Multiple Sclerosis

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What are the Main Components of the Intracranial Vault?

Brain

Blood

CSF

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How much of the Intracranial Vault is made up of blood?

5 - 10%

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In which direction do Afferent Impulses travel in regards to the CNS?

Afferent Impulses travel TOWARDS the CNS

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Which part of the brain is considered the Processing Center of Sensory Info?

Thalamus

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The _______ is the “Captain” of the Autonomic Nervous System

The HYPOTHALAMUS is the “Captain” of the Autonomic Nervous System

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Which part of the brain controls Respiration & CV Function?

Brain Stem

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Which membrane connects directly to the Brain & Spinal Cord?

Pia Mater

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Which Meninges Membrane is considered the middle layer and contains CSF?

Arachnoid Mater

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What forms the Venous Sinuses of the Brain?

The Dura - Outermost Two Layers

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What is an Epidural Hematoma?

A Meningeal Arterial Bleed b/t the Skull & Dura Mater

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What is formed when there is bleeding b/t the Dura & Arachnoid Mater?

Subdural Hematoma

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What can causes a Subdural Hematoma?

Tears in the Bridging Veins

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Where does the bleeding occur w/ a Subarachnoid Hematoma?

Between the Arachnoid Membrane & Pia Mater

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What can cause a Subarachnoid Hematoma?

Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysms

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What produces CSF?

Choroid Plexus

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What is the function of CSF?

Surrounds & Cushions CNS

Absorbed into Venous Sinuses

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Which Cranial Nerve is responsible for Facial Expressions and controls the Orbicularis Oculi?

Cranial Nerve VII

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Cranial Nerve _______ controls the _______, which is monitored during a Parotidectomy

Cranial Nerve VII controls the OBICULARIS OCULI, which is monitored during a Parotidectomy

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What does Cranial Nerve IX, the Glossopharyngeal Nerve, innervate?

Carotid Sinus Baroreceptors Posterior Oral Mucosa Swallowing Muscles of the Pharynx

What innervates the Cricothyroid Muscle?

Super Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) branch of the Vagus Nerve

Which muscle is the only Adductor Muscle of the Vocal Cords?

Cricothyroid Muscle

What is one of the major concerns regarding Thyroid Surgery?

Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) Damage & Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) Damage

What does the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) do?

Innervates Abductor Muscles of the Vocal Cords

Damage to which nerve would cause an Airway Emergency?

Bilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN)

What happens when the Cardiac Branches of the Vagus Nerve are stimulated?

Bradycardia

What happens w/ the stimulation of the Pulmonary Branches of the Vagus Nerve?

Bronchoconstriction

What produces the Myelin Sheath around the Axons in the _CNS_?

Oligodendrocytes

What allows for Potential Regeneration of Damaged Axons in the _PNS_?

Neurolemma

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are highly aggressive Neuroglial Tumors

**GLIOBLASTOMAS** are highly aggressive Neuroglial Tumors

What is the result of a Damaged Frontal Lobe of the Brain?

Abnormal Behavior

Which part of the Brain is the Visual Center?

Occipital Lobe

What does the Cerebellum control?

Coordination & Fine Motor

Where does the Brain receive its Arterial Supply?

Bilateral Carotid & Vertebral Arteries

Which Circulatory Structure of the Brain do the Carotid & Vertebral Arteries feed into?

Circle of Willis

When the Carotid Arteries Branch, what do they form?

Middle & Anterior Cerebral Arteries

Which artery does the Right Carotid Artery arise from?

Innominate Artery

Which arteries do both Vertebral Arteries arise from?

Subclavian Arteries

Where does the solid Spinal Cord end in adults?

At the Conus Medullaris near L1-L2

What connects the Conus Medullaris to the Coccyx?

Filum Terminalis

What is the Cauda Equina (Horse's Tail) made of?

Spinal Nerve Pairs L2-L5 Sacral Nerves Coccygeal Nerve

The Dorsal Roots are _________ arising from Cell Bodies in the Dorsal Root Ganglia

The Dorsal Roots are **SENSORY FIBERS** arising from Cell Bodies in the Dorsal Root Ganglia

The Ventral Roots are ___________ arising from the Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord

The Ventral Roots are **MOTOR FIBERS** arising from the Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord

Where are the Interneuron Cell Bodies located?

Dorsal Horn of the Spine

What do Interneuron Cell Bodies do?

Connect Sensory & Motor Neurons for Reflex Responses to Stimuli

Where do Cervical Spine Nerves 1 - 7 exit?

From **ABOVE** their vertebral bodies

Where does Spinal Nerve 8 exit?

**BELOW** C7

Where do Spinal Nerves **NOT** 1-8 emerge from?

From the same numbered vertebral body

Which Nerves are the sole motor supply of the Diaphragm?

Phrenic Nerves C3-C5

Damage to which nerve would cause Respiratory Failure?

Injury to Bilateral Phrenic Nerves

Which Regional Anesthesia commonly causes Phrenic Nerve Block?

Interscalene Block

Which arteries arise from the Vertebral Arteries & extends to the Conus Medullaris?

Anterior & Posterior Spinal Arteries

Which nerves can be injured from Improper Arm Positioning?

Brachial Plexus Injury & Ulnar Nerve Injury

Proper positioning of Abducted Arms requires the hands to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Proper positioning of Abducted Arms requires the hands to be **SUPINATED**

Improper positioning of the legs and cause damage to which nerve?

Common Peroneal Nerve

What does the Femoral Nerve do?

Sensory to Anterior Thigh & Motor to Quad Muscles

Which nerve provides Motor Innervation to the Leg below the Knee?

Sciatic Nerve

What do Nociceptors do?

Detect Physical & Chemical pain and damage to tissues

Baroreceptors are a type of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Baroreceptors are a type of **MECHANORECEPTOR**

What do the Descending Spinal Tracts do?

Carry sensory impulses **AWAY** from the Brain

How do the Upper Motor Neurons of the Descending Spinal Tract travel?

From Brain to Spinal Cord

How do the Lower Motor Neurons of the Descending Spinal Tract travel?

From Spinal Cord to Neuromotor Junction

What do the Ascending Spinal Tracts do?

Carry Sensory Impulses **TOWARD** the Brain

How do the First Order Neurons of the Ascending Spinal Tracts travel?

From Periphery to the Spinal Cord

How do the Second Order Nuerons of the Ascending Spinal Tracts travel?

From the Spinal Cord to the Thalamus

Where are the T4 Dermatomes located?

Nipple Level

Where are the T10 Dermatomes located?

Umbilicus Level

Where are the T6 Dermatomes located?

Level of the Tip of the Xiphoid Process