quiz 1 (week 2.1 to 3.2) Flashcards
(45 cards)
Plato
believed that memory storage and retrieval was similar to catching a bird (cannot be successful every time)
structuralism
explain mental states by introspection (find out the structure of mental processes); self-report of a set of “mental elements” (mode, quality, intensity, duration)
introspection
reflecting upon your past experiences and your current feelings
empiricism
knowledge built upon one’s own experiences and senses (learning from experience)
Locke
believed in mental association of unrelated ideas based on experiences
functionalism
studies why (instead of what) the mind works the way it does (functions of mental operations); studies mental phenomena in real-life settings
ecological approach
why we do X in context A; observation in real world; conduct another experiment that stimulates or links to real-world settings
behaviorism
opposes the idea of introspection because of the lack of objectivity; views mental phenomena as reducible to behavioral and physiological responses; classical and operant conditioning
John Watson
a behaviorist; believed that mental phenomena was reducible to behavioral and physiological responses
classical vs operant conditioning
classical: involuntary response to a stimulus; stimulus conditions a response
operant: voluntary response to a stimulus; reward and reinforcement
Chomsky vs Skinner
Chomsky: language is innate; reinforcement is not required
Skinner: language is just one type of behavior (verbal behavior), so it can be learned through reinforcement
nativism
innateness (innate ability to learn the structure of a language) and generative grammar (rules to generate words, sentences, etc.); pre-wired biological functions
the magic seven (plus or minus two)
human short-term memory as a limited-capacity processor
processing vs storage
processing: limited capacity
storage: large capacity
experimental method (6)
observation, research, hypotheses, experiment design, actual data (d.v.), what influences the data (i.v.)
between-subject vs within-subject vs mixed design
between-subject: compare behavior between two groups
within-subject: compare if a person behaves differently in different conditions
mixed: each subject in each group is tested in multiple conditions
confounding variables
add “noise” to your data; could be anything associated with your variables; a factor you’re not interested in but you didn’t control for it; either need to be identified and controlled first or be accounted for in the statistical analysis
EEG vs fMRI
EEG: scalp recording of electrical activities emitted from neural transmission; can tell us processing time course and convert measures of processing; good temporal resolution (time course) but bad spatial resolution (“when” - but not where or connections between brain regions)
fMRI: functional MRI; BOLD signal; bad temporal resolution (time course) but good spatial resolution (“where” - localization of brain functions and connections between brain regions)
limitations of MRI (2)
cost, ferromagnetic devices
priming
processing of a current input/event is unconsciously influenced by a prior input/event (prime)
bottom-up vs top-down/interactive processing
bottom-up: visual input -> intermediate level (features) -> long-term memory
top-down/interactive: long-term memory (prior exposure or knowledge) -> intermediate level -> visual input
controlled observation
non-naturalistic; a combination of experiment and observation (manipulated observation)
non-naturalistic vs naturalistic observation
non-naturalistic: clinical interviews; could be biased
naturalistic observation: observing natural behaviors; adds ecological validity; lacks experimental control and is time-consuming
evolutionary approach
looks for the origin and evolution of human intelligence (i.e., natural selection); studies fossil records, etc.
