- Person centered - participation in desired activities - Evidenced informed process - provided sustainably

Quiz 1 (weeks 1 & 2) Flashcards by Jennifer Kopis

o “any product, instrument, equipment, or technology adapted or specifically designed for improving functioning of a disabled person.”

WHO definition of assistive tech. 2001

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“any item, piece of equipment or product system whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized that is used to increase, maintain or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.”

US definition of AT.

US more inclusive of main stream technologies vs WHO

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Video of Elle (14y/o) with CP

what tech did she use?

DynaVox

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Video of Richard (man born w/ no arms or legs)

name some tech found in his home

Electric razor holder,
pencil/pen to push buttons
special shorts
chair w/ buttons
rope on frigde
lift for pool
dressing hook made to fit in teeth
special mouse
Drago voice to text

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name some handwriting aides

Pencil grips
fidgets
weights
slant boards

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cutting aides

loop scissors
self opening scissors
special grip scissors
safety blades

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

AT we saw in class

angled platform/binder
elastic shoelaces
foam for built up grip

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does HAAT stand for?

What are the 4 components that influence each other and are constantly changing?

Human Activity Assistive Technology model

Activity
The Human
The AT
The Context

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HAAT model Implications

Product research
Product usability studies
Client Assessment
Outcome evaluation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What model states
“definition of AT is located within the environment component”
“Environmental factors are external to the person”

Why can this be a challenge?

WHO’s ICF (2001)
(International Classifications of Functioning)

AT is external, but often very personal to the client than other elements of the environment.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is AT person or technology centered?

PERSON!

We are doing it to fit the person, not making the person suit the technology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 Principles of AT

Person centered
participation in desired activities
Evidenced informed process
provided sustainably

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to the actual, tangible device, such as computer hardware, an AAC device, a hearing aid, or a mobility device

Hard technology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to less tangible aspects that support the use of a device, including other people, written or auditory materials, and computer software.

Soft technology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to the most complex devices or equipment, that have digital or electronic components, may be computerized, multiple functions, will likely require training and effort to learn how to use and cost the most.

High tech AT device

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

AT devices that are often readily available, simple to operate and construct, often manually driven, and do not require extensive training.

Low tech AT device

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of No Tech AT

Pencil grip
post-it’s
slanted surface
raised line paper
Colored overlays
tactile letters
Magnifying bar
weighted pencils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of Low tech AT

Buzzer
portable word processor
talking calculator
MP3 player
electronic organizer
switches/buzzers
lights

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of High tech AT

E-readers

Touch screens
computerized testing
speech recognition
word processors
text to speech
progress monitoring software

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(subset of AT) devices that are used to assist with completing activities of daily living. Bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, and feeding are self-care activities that are including in the spectrum of activities of daily living (ADLs).

Adaptive Equipment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

EADLs formerly called _______ But now stands for

Environmental control devices

Electronic aids to daily living

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

include X-10 functions, infrared functions, direct cable connections, telephone functions, and Z-wave functions, the hardware that is used for each function, and the end device that is being operated.
• Signals are sent through electrical lines, infrared waves, ultrasound, and radio waves depending on the functions in the unit.

Components of EADLs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Direct Access
Switch and Scanning Access
Voice Activation
Computer Activation
Phone Activation

EADL Access

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A form of assistive technology that provides an alternate means to control appliances or tools in the environment is known as

EADLs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“The constructed norms of internal consistency regarding what is right and wrong.” -or- “Moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior.”

Ethics

4 principles of Medical ethics

Autonomy, beneficence, | non-maleficence, and justice

some may find having certain monitoring devices is a loss of privacy, while others see that the monitoring is the only direction toward independance

privacy

the right to self-determination and freedom from unnecessary constraints, interference, or loss of privacy

Autonomy

the interference of a state or individual in relation to another person, either against his will or when the interference id justified by a claim of better protection for the individual What does this term assume?

Paternalism o Assumes safety is more important than freedom of choice and that it is important to protect people from themselves

deals with the issue of fairness in individual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal contexts.

justice

Normative principles designed to guide the allocation of the benefits and burdens of economic activity.

Distributive Justice-

1. What is subject to distribution (Income, wealth, opportunities, jobs, welfare, 2. What is the nature of the subjects of distribution. (natural persons, reference classed e.g persons with disabilities.) 3. What should the basis of distribution be (equality, maximization, free transactions)

3 principles of Distributive justice

the principle of not causing harm to others directly or through avoidance of actions that risk harming others. involves a balance b/w avoiding harm and respecting decision about dignity, integrity, and preferences.

• Non-maleficence

connotes acts of mercy, kindness and charity. Includes all forms of action intended to benefit or promote the good of others…helping them to further their important and legitimate interests

• Beneficence-

Obligation of _____ is to respond to the needs of others. this includes universal needs (life and limb, disease and disability, and the necessities of human sustenance

• Beneficence

requires faithful, loyal, honest, and trustworthy behavior, requires being loyal to the patient

• Fidelity-

 Treat them with basic respect  Professional is competent, and capable of preforming duties required for their role  Adhere to professional code of ethics  Follow policies and procedures of organization and applicable laws  Agreements will be honored

o 5 expectations associated with fidelity in healthcare

- Sign of social unacceptability because there is shame or disgrace associated with something that is socially unacceptable. Can lead to discrimination and stereotypes.

Stigma

- indicates the promotion and preservation of the individuality of the client, by treating them with respect in all interactions. Dignity encompasses cultural sensitivity, cultural humility, and the need to be inclusive of all people

Dignity

RESNA stands for What is it? May be _____ across different professions

• Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (Interdisciplinary professional association that focuses on AT) - may be different across professions.

establish who is eligible to receive assistance for the purchase of devices, which devices are supported in the funding schemes, and which professional group serves as funding gatekeepers

Funding policies and regulations

o Program that provides grants to states for developmental disability councils, university-affiliated programs, and protection and advocacy activities for persons with developmental disabilities.

• The Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act

AT funding for illinois

Illinois assistive technology program (IATP)

federal program whose primary goal is to provide medical assistance to persons in need and to furnish them with rehabilitation and other services to help them “attain or retain capability for independence and self-care”

Medicaid

o joint federal and state responsibilities o provides payment to providers, not the individual o Largest funding source of AT services and devices

Medicaid

administered by the federal government with country wide rules. focused on needs of elderly (Over 65), people less than 65 with disabilities, disabled children of a person who was working but became disabled themselves, or people with end stage renal disease.

Medicare

DME stands for? ``` Medicare defines DME as 1. 2. 3, 4. ```

durable medical equipment Equipment that 1. Can withstand repeated use, 2. Primarily used to serve a medical purpose, 3. Generally is not useful for a person that does not have an illness or injury, 4. appropriate for use in the home.

Medicare split into 2 parts what is part A What is part B

Part A – “hospital insurance” covers inpatient services, post-discharge care skilled nursing facilities, hospice care, and home health. Part B – “supplemental medical insurance” covers DME, rehab, home health that is not covered in A

Private funding examples

* Private Health Insurance * Private foundations * Volunteer organizations (Kiwanis, Rotary Club) * Specific groups (ASD, CP, RA, Lupus organizations)

Private health insurance is obtained 2 ways.

employment or direct purchase.

Other private funding options

- Private foundations - volunteer organizations - specific groups/service clubs

``` Rehab Act (amended) 1986 what changed? ```

- provision for AT was included | - requires provisions for AT be acquired and included in Individualized Plans for Employment (IPEs)

What Act o prohibits discrimination on basis of disability o indiv. Must meet requirement of disability

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

What does IDEA stand for What does it entail? _____ for all handicapped children. ___&____ public education. _____ is the centerpiece.

Individuals w. Disabilities Education Act - Education for all handicapped children - “Free & appropriate public education”(FAPE) - IEP = centerpiece of IDEA

What ACT Extends funding to the states that receive federal funding for AT

Assistive Technology Act (1998)

Devices that are used by the general public rather than being designed specifically for people with disabilities.

Mainstream technology

7 Principles of Universal Design

- Equitable Use - Flexibility in use - Simple & intuitive use - Perceptible information - Tolerance for error - Low physical effort - Size & space

The design is usable and marketable to people with diverse abilities

Equitable Use-

the design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities

Flexibility in use

use of design is easy to understand regardless of user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

Simple & intuitive use-

design communicates necessary info effectively to the user regardless of ambient conditions or the users sensory abilities

Perceptible information

Design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions

Tolerance for error-

design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

Low physical effort-

appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of users body size, posture or mobility.

Size & space-

Steps to an AT Assessment/ evaluation (6)

1. Referral & intake 2. Evaluation 3. Recommendation & report 4. Implementation 5. Follow up 6. Follow along

an AT assessment should be _______. | the assessment team must be _______.

assessment is ongoing Team must be multidisciplinary

Visual skills most important for AT

visual acuity, adequate visual field, and quality of vision.

• The clarity with which a person can see objects in the environment

Visual acuity

• Loss of peripheral vision or central vision

Visual field deficit

• Ability to track moving object

Visual tracking

• Ability to scan environment to gather visual information

Visual scanning

• Differentiates a figure from background, used during reading and in retrieval of info from a display

Visual contrast

The ability for the eyes to refocus when shifting attention

Visual accommodation

The process of giving meaning to visual information

Visual perception-

- involves the understanding that an object does not change despite being viewed from different perspectives

Form recognition or constancy-

Most important part of Visual perception for AT

- Depth perception - spatial relationships - form recognition or constancy - Figure ground discrimination

the ability to discriminate between object in foreground and the background on which it rests

Figure ground discrimination-

- Enables individual to perceive info through touch either via actively touching something or passively receiving touch

Somatosensory or Tactile function

3 types of tactile functions included in protocol

- One-two point discrimination - Perception of touch - Temperature perception

evaluation that determines the physical capacity of an individual to perform an activity and the most functional position or positions in which to perform that activity related to gross motor function and manipulation, and device access related to fine motor function

Physical skills evaluation

Praxis

motor planning- Sequential steps that need to be completed in order to complete a task

important when determining whether the client will be able to learn how to use the tech as well as whether they have the capacity to use it effectively in the long term.

Cognitive evaluation

Cognitive evaluation includes... (4)

- Attention - Memory - orientation - executive function

Higher order cognitive abilities. Judgment, insight, problem-solving, planning/organizing, and self-monitoring.

o Executive functions

Goal of assistive technology is to_______ Places focus on _____

enable activity performance | Places focus on functional outcomes

assigns a number to an attribute or characteristic. Can be measured in a specific way o (ROM, MMT)

• Quantitative measurements

assume each individual has different experience. Purpose to describe and understand user’s experience with the tech o include observations, interviews, captures experiences

• Qualitative measurements:

performance is ranked according to a sample of scores that others have achieved on the test. Produce a percentile rank, standardized score, or a grade equivalent

• Norm referenced –

rate performance according to specific level of mastery, assessing the persons own skill level

• Criterion referenced –

Common AT outcome measures can be | _______ or _____

``` General measures (Not specific to AT) or AT specific measures ```

Why may people abandon use of AT?

``` o Providers ignore users opinions o Obtaining the device (not easy) o Poor performance of device o Change in individuals needs/priorities o Cost vs. benefit o Disability does not define them as a person ```

Quiz 1 (weeks 1 & 2) Flashcards

(91 cards)