Quiz Flashcards by BABAS CHRISTINE MAY

liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a
suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents

Solutions

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Solutions may be classified as:

• Oral solution
• Otic solution
• Ophthalmic solution
• Topical solution

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Solutions, because of their composition or use,
may be classified as other pharmaceutical dosage
forms such as:

• Syrups
• Elixirs
• Spirits
• Tinctures

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Certain solutions are prepared to be sterile and pyrogen- free and intended for parenteral administration are
classified as ___________

injections

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When molecules interact, attractive and repulsive forces are in
effect

• When the attractive and repulsive are equal, the potential energy
between two molecules is ________ and the system is most _________
• When a solute dissolves, the substance’s intermolecular forces of attraction must be overcome by forces of attraction between
solute and solvent molecules
• This entails breaking the solute-solute forces and the solvent-
solvent forces to achieve the solute-solvent attraction.

-minimum
-stable

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The solubility of an agent in a particular solvent
indicates the ________________to which a
solution may be prepared with that agent and that solvent
• When a solvent at a given temperature has dissolved all of the solute it can, it is said to be _____________.

The solubility of an agent in a particular solvent indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that agent and that
solvent
• When a solvent at a given temperature has dissolved all of the solute it can, it is said to be saturated.

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FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

Temperature
Chemical and Physical properties of the solute and the
solvent
Pressure
pH of the solution
State of the subdivision of the solute
Physical agitation applied to the solution as it dissolves

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Chemicals with positive heat of solution
• The kind that absorbs heat when dissolved
• It results to an increase solubility with an increase in
temperature

Chemicals with positive heat of solution

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• The kind that releases heat when dissolved
• It results to a decreased solubility with an increase in
temperature

Chemicals with negative heat of solution

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Effects of Physicochemical Properties (pressure
and temperature) of the solute and solvent

The solubility of a “pure” chemical substance at a given temperature and pressure is _____

constant

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State of subdivision of the solute
(Particle size)
• The “_____” the powder, the greater the
surface area that comes in contact with the
solvent.
• Therefore, the more rapid the dissolving
process.

finer

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The greater the agitation, the more _________ solvent passes over the drug
• Therefore, the faster the formulation of a
solution

unsaturated

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Effect of pH of the Solution
• Many important organic medicinal agents are either “weak acids” or “weak bases.”
• Drugs as weak bases are not very water soluble, but are _______________
• Drugs as weak acids form ______________
• These drugs may separate from the solution by lowering the pH of the solvent system

Effect of pH of the Solution
• Many important organic medicinal agents are either “weak acids” or “weak bases.”
• Drugs as weak bases are not very water soluble, but are soluble in dilute solutions of acids
• Drugs as weak acids form water soluble salts in basic solutions
• These drugs may separate from the solution by lowering the pH of the solvent system

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Techniques to hasten dissolution

• Application of heat
• Reduction of particle size of the solute
• Use of a solubilizing agent
• Subject the ingredients to vigorous agitation

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Some solvents for liquid preparations

• Alcohol, USP
• Diluted alcohol, NF
• Rubbing alcohol
• Glycerin, USP
• Isopropyl rubbing alcohol
• Propylene glycol, USP
• Purified water, USP

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• The most useful solvent, next to water
• 94.9% to 96% C2H5OH v/v
• Miscible with water and has the ability to dissolve many water-insoluble ingredients (flavorant, preservatives)
• With preservative effect
• is frequently used with other solvents such as glycols and glycerin, to reduce the amount of alcohol required

Alcohol, USP

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Alcohol, USP
• However, concern has been expressed over the undesired pharmacologic and potential toxic effects
of alcohol.
• Children under 6 years of age— alcohol limit ____
• 6-12 years of age ——alcohol limit ____
• Over 12 years of age and adults—alcohol limit ______

Alcohol, USP
• However, concern has been expressed over the
undesired pharmacologic and potential toxic effects
of alcohol.
• Children under 6 years of age— alcohol limit 0.5%
• 6-12 years of age —–alcohol limit 5%
• Over 12 years of age and adults—alcohol limit 10%

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• Contains equal volumes of Alcohol, USP and
Purified Water, USP
• 49% concentration
• A useful hydroalcoholic solvent

Diluted Alcohol, NF

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• Contains about 70% Ethanol v/v
• Volatile and flammable, should be stored in tight containers, remote from fire
• Used externally as rubefacient, soothing rub,germicide (for instruments), skin cleanser (prior to injection), vehicle in topical preparations

Rubbing Alcohol

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Rubbing Alcohol
• It is also used as a vehicle for topical preparations
• The product is volatile and flammable and should be stored in __________ remote from fire

tight containers

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• Glycerol, CH2-OH-CHOH-CH2OH
• Clear, viscous syrupy liquid with sweet taste
• Miscible to both water and alcohol
• Comparable to alcohol, as solvent
• Solutes are slowly soluble (requires heating)
• Preservatives, stabilizer, auxiliary solvent with water and
alcohol
• Used extensively in internal preparations

Glycerin, USP

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• 70% v/v isopropyl alcohol
• Commercially available as 91%
• External Uses: rubefacient, soothing rub, vehicle for topical products
• Commonly employed by diabetic patients in preparing needles and syringes for hypodermic injections of insulin
• Skin disinfection of diabetic patients

Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol

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• CH3CH(OH)CH2OH
• Viscous liquid miscible with water and alcohol
• Useful solvent with a wide range of applications
• Suitable for glycerin

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Propylene Glycol, USP

• For preparation of aqueous dosage forms, except
those intended for parenteral administration
• Contains 1% as much dissolved solids as tap water
is obtained by distillation,
ion exchange treatment, reverse osmosis or other suitable process

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Purified Water, USP

• The first portion of aqueous distillate (about the first 10-20%) must be discarded • The last portion of water (about 10% of the original volume of water) remaining in the distillation apparatus must be discarded and not subjected to further distillation

Distillation

• On a large or small scale, ________________ offers a number of advantages over the distillation method. • permits ease of operation, minimal maintenance, and a more mobile facility.

Ion-exchange Method • On a large or small scale, the **ion-exchange method** for the preparation of purified water **offers a number of advantages over the distillation method.** • The **ion exchange** process permits ease of operation, minimal maintenance, and a more mobile facility.

Ion-exchange Method • 2 types of resins in column ion-exchange • The _________, or acid exchangers, which permit the exchange of the cations in solution with hydrogen ion from the resin • The ______________ exchange resins, which permit the removal of anions • These 2 processes are successively or simultaneously employed to remove both cations and anions from wat

Ion-exchange Method • 2 types of resins in column ion-exchange • The **cation**, or acid exchangers, which permit the exchange of the cations in solution with hydrogen ion from the resin • The **anion or base** exchange resins, which permit the removal of anions • These 2 processes are successively or simultaneously employed to remove both cations and anions from wat

• In this process, a pressurized stream of water is passed parallel to the inner side of a filter membrane core. • A portion of the feed water permeates the membrane as filtrate • The water that has passed through the system as referred to as the concentrate • The flow in this crossflow system is from a more concentrated to a less concentrated solution-thus the term ___________

reverse osmosis

_________ (0.1 to 2 microns, e.g., bacteria) _________(0.01 to 0.1 microns, e.g., virus) _________ (0.001 to 0.01 microns, e.g., organic compounds in the molecular weight range of 300 to 1000) __________ (particles smaller than 0.001 microns)

**Microfiltration** (0.1 to 2 microns, e.g., bacteria) **Ultrafiltration** (0.01 to 0.1 microns, e.g., virus) **Nanofiltration** (0.001 to 0.01 microns, e.g., organic compounds in the molecular weight range of 300 to 1000) **Reverse osmosis** (particles smaller than 0.001 microns)

Reverse osmosis removes virtually all

• Virus • Bacteria • Pyrogens • Organic molecules • And 90-99% of all ions

Types of Solutions As to its use:

• Oral solutions • Topical solutions • Ophthalmic solutions • Nasal and Otic solutions

Types of Solutions As to composition:

• Aromatic waters • Syrups • Elixirs • Spirits • Tinctures and fluidextracts • Douches, Enemas and gargles • Liniments, collodions, ,and othe

• Components • Medicinal agents • Flavorants, Colorants and Sweetening agents • Stabilizers (glycerin or sorbitol)- used to inhibit crystallization and to modify solubility • Preservatives (parabens) • Vehicles

Oral Solution

Oral Solution Advantages

1.Homogenous 2. Easier to swallow than the solid dosage forms 3. Onset of action and bioavailability of drugs that have slow dissolution rate are improved

Oral Solution Disadvantages

1.Bulky 2. Degrade more rapidly 3. More likely to interact with other constituents

• for reconstitution prior to use • Examples: Cloxacillin Na, Oxacillin Na, and Penicillin VK for oral solution (antibiotics)

Dry Powder for Solution

Dry powder examples:

Cloxacillin Na, Oxacillin Na, and Penicillin VK for oral solution (antibiotics)

• Available in liquid or packet of powder for reconstitution • Examples: Pedialyte and Rehydrate solution, Glucolyte, Oresol

Oral Rehydration Solution

Oral Rehydration Solution • Examples:

Pedialyte and Rehydrate solution, Glucolyte, Oresol

Oral Colonic Lavage Solution • Others-

Magnesium citrate solution

Topical Solutions • Employed an aqueous vehicle • Should be labeled “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY” • Examples

1. Aluminum acetate solution 2. Calcium hydroxide topical solution 3. Hydrogen peroxide topical solution 4. Chlorhexidine gluconate solution 5. Povidone iodine solution

Astringent synonyms

Limewater Liquor calcis

is used along with other ingredients in dermatologic lotions and solutions that is used topically.

Astringent

Calcium hydroxide topical solution is a solution containing, in each 100mL not less than ___________________

140mg of calcium hydroxide

• Ear or aural solutions • USES: • For the removal of excessive cerumen • Examples: Cerumenex ear drop, Debrox drops • For the treatment of ear infections, inflammation, or pain • Examples: Auralgan otic solution, Americaine Otic

OTIC SOLUTIONS

Method of Preparation of Solutions

• Simple solution method • Example: Strong iodine (Lugol’s) Solution • Solution by Chemical Reaction • Example: Magnesium citrate solution (saline cathartic with the citric acid, lemon oil, syrup, carbonation) • Solution by Extraction

• Are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use, and are usually flavored for palatability • It’s alcohol content may vary from as low as 5% to as high as 40%

Elixirs

2 Types of Elixirs: ________________ ________________ Note: Elixirs containing at least 10% to 12% alcohol are already “self preserving”

• High Alcoholic Elixir (HAE) • 75% to 78% alcohol • Low Alcoholic Elixir (LAE) • 8% to 10% alcohol

Components of Elixir Formulation

• Alcohol and Water-primary solvents • Glycerin and Propylene glycol adjuncts (viscosity builder and stabilizers) • Sweeteners • Flavorants and Colorants • Medicinal substances

Advantages and Disadvantages of Elixirs as Dosage Form: Advantage

• Maintain both water-soluble and alcohol soluble components in solution • Stable • Easy to prepare (by simple solution method)

Disadvantages of Elixirs as dosage form

• Less effective in masking the taste of drugs because elixirs are less sweet and viscous • Not recommended for children due to their alcohol content

Classes of Elixirs • Non-medicated elixirs • Employed as vehicles • Ex: ___________________________ • Medicated elixirs • Example:___________________________

Classes of Elixirs • Non-medicated elixirs • Employed as vehicles • Ex: **Aromatic elixir, NF and Isoalcoholic elixir** • Medicated elixirs • Example: **Diphehydramine elixir, Phenobarbital elixir, Digoxin elixir**

Preparations of Elixir

•By simple solution method •By admixture of two or more liquids

Storage and Preservation of Elixirs • Stored in a ___________________ • Protected from excessive heat (do not store ________

Storage and Preservation of Elixirs • Stored in a **tightly closed, light-resistant containers** • Protected from excessive heat (do not store **above 40ºC**

Storage and Preservation of Elixirs • Stored in a ___________________ • Protected from excessive heat (do not store ________

Storage and Preservation of Elixirs • Stored in a **tightly closed, light-resistant containers** • Protected from excessive heat (do not store **above 40ºC**

Quiz Flashcards

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