Quiz Flashcards
(33 cards)
What is a fallacy
- a wrong belief: a false or mistaken idea
- the quality of being false or wrong
Argumentum ad Baculum
Appeal to Force/Stick
- committed when one appeals to
force or the threat of force
- to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion.
Example:
Chairman of the Board: “ All those opposed to my arguments for the opening of a new department, signify by saying ‘I resign.’”
Argumentum ad Misericordiam
Appeal to Pity
- pity or a related emotion
- such as sympathy or compassion is
- appealed to for the sake of
- getting a conclusion accepted.
“Sir, hindi ako nakapag-aral, mahirap lang po kami.”
Argumentum ad Populum
Appeal to the People
- attempting to win popular assent to a conclusion by
- arousing the feeling and enthusiasms of the multitude
Appeal to the Majority
SNOB APPEAL
- Elite or Select Few
Person L says statement p.
- Person L is in the elite.
Statement p is true.
BANDWAGON
- Most people Almost all people
Most, many, or ALL persons
- believe statement p is true
Statement p is true.
Appeal to Vanity
- Gaining support for an argument, not by the strength of the argument, but by
- using flattery on those whom you want to accept your argument.
“Before I sum up, your honor, I’d just like to say that you’re beautiful when you’re mad”
Argumentum ad Hominem
Argument against the Person
- attacking the character or circumstances of an individual who is
- advancing a statement or an argument instead of
- trying to disprove the soundness of the argument
Tu Quoque
“You Too” Argument
- rather than trying to disprove a remark about someone’s character or circumstances,
- one accuses the other of having the same character or circumstances.
Genetic Fallacy
- The genetic fallacy is committed when an idea is
- either accepted or rejected
- because of its source,
- rather than its merit.
DILAWAN!!!
Fallacy of Accident
an attempt is made to apply a general rule to all situations, when clearly there are exceptions to the rule.
DOCTORS AND KNIVES
Ignoratio Elenchi
Apparently refuting an opponent while actually disproving something not asserted
Red Herring
An irrelevant topic is introduced in an argument to divert the attention of listeners from the original issue
Argumentum ad Crumenam
Appeal to Money
- supposing that a conclusion must be valid because the person making the argument is wealthy
Argementum ad Verecundiam
- Using authority as evidence but the authority is not really an authority on facts relevant to the argument
- Uses the admiration of the famous to try and win support
Logical Form:
According to person A, X is true.
Therefore, X is true.
“Oprah said that girls will go crazy for boys if they are intelligent.”
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
- Also known as “argument from ignorance” or “argument from lack of imagination”.
- Saying something is true only because there is no evidence to prove it wrong (or saying something is false only because there is no evidence to prove it is true)
Fallacy of Hasty Generalization
- Also known as the Fallacy of Insufficient Statistics, Fallacy of Insufficient Sample, Hasty Induction.
- This fallacy is committed when a person draws a conclusion about a population based on a sample that is not large enough.
“My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until the age of sixty-nine. Therefore, smoking really can’t be that bad for you”
Fallacy of False Cause
- The fallacy committed when an argument mistakenly attempt to establish a causal connection.
- Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc, Non Causa, Pro Causa, Oversimplified Cause
Non Causa, Pro Causa
(Not the cause for a cause)
In general, it is the fallacy of making a mistake about the ascription of some cause to an effect. This is the general category of “false cause.”
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
(After this, therefore because of this)
- The fallacy of arguing that one event was caused by another event merely because it occurred after that event.
- If A happened then B happened, then A must have caused B to happen.
“I wore my purple sweater and my team won against all the odds. Therefore, I am going to wear that sweater to every game.”
“Bill purchased a new PowerMac and it worked fine for months. He then bought and installed a new piece of software. The next time he starts up his Mac, it freezes. Bill concludes that the software must be the cause of the freeze.”
Oversimplified Cause
Explaining an event by relying on casual factors that are insufficient to account for the event or by overemphasizing the role of one or more of these factors
Example:
Coach says that the reason his team won their last game is because the team had a high carbohydrate meal before the game.
Slippery Slope Fallacy
- Also known as “Camel’s Nose”
- The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there’s really not enough evidence for that assumption.
- A person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question.
Form:
1.Event X has occurred (or will or might occur).
2.Therefore event Y will inevitably happen.
“Animal experimentation reduces our respect for life. If we don’t respect life, we are likely to be more and more tolerant of violent acts like war and murder. Soon our society will become a battlefield in which everyone constantly fears for their lives. It will be the end of civilization. To prevent this terrible consequence, we should make animal experimentation illegal right now.”
Fallacy of Weak Analogy
- This type of argument, the issue at hand is compared to another issue, which is entirely different but in some ways related, and uses the other issue for its conclusion’s acceptability or rejection.
“Thieves are criminals. Since cheating is stealing, cheaters are criminals.”
“Guns are like hammers - they’re both tools with metal parts that could be used to kill someone.”
They are considered one of the most successful adapted species on the planet.
Modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens)
Man’s most significant achievement which sets apart the evolution of humanity from other species on this planet.
Culture
