Quiz 2 Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
How are shame and guilt self conscious emotions?
A
- Emotions relate to the self or to something related to the self (such as ones own behavior)
2
Q
From a social functional perspective, how does shame and guilt promote behavior that is beneficial for others or ones group?
A
- Shame: display reduced status (culture is important determinant of nature)
- Guilt: motivates the repair of some harm one caused
3
Q
What are the definitions of shame and guilt?
A
- Shame: condition of humiliating disgrace or disrepute, about the whole person, strong uncomfortable emotion
- Guilt: having committed a breach of conduct, more about specific behavior or inaction, less severe emotion, no distinct display
4
Q
How is shame and guilt different from emabrrasement?
A
- More painful emotion
- Greater sense of moral transgression
- More felt responsibility and regret
- More anger at self
- Feeling that others are also angry at oneself
- embarrassment occurs with: more trivial/humorous events, more sudden, sense of surprise, sense of exposure, larger audience
5
Q
What is the difference between acute and chronic?
A
- Acute: occurs as a consequence of some specific event or circumstance (short duration, effects are temporary)
- Chronic: evident as a stable tendency over time to feel shame or guilt (personality or disposition, stable and enduring)
6
Q
How do shame and guilt co-occur?
A
- When people report shame they also generally report guilt
- Correlation is about 0.60
- For acute and chronic
7
Q
How to empirically study acute shame or guilt?
A
- participants do retrospective reports of past experiences where they felt shame and/or guilt
- Induce in lab guilt or shame (IQ test, told in front of everyone that low IQ)
8
Q
How to empirically study chronic shame or guilt?
A
- Assessing people by asking to imagine that they are the protagonist in number of different situations where there was some harm or wrong doing
- Participants indicate from a specific list what their reaction would be to the event
- Able to see how much participants feel shame or guilt by how much they endorse each reaction
9
Q
What is the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA)?
A
- A self report measure on proneness to shame and proneness to guilt
10
Q
What was found for the situational determinants of shame and guilt by Tangney?
A
- Guilt was typically induced by moral transgressions often involving harm to other
- Shame was typically induced by specific moral transgression as well as by non-moral situations and issues (e.g., failure in performance situations, socially inappropriate behavior)
- Shame and guilt linked to being concerned about how one affects another person
- Shame has greatest focus on concern with others evaluations
11
Q
What is the role of public exposure by Smith et al.,?
A
- Found biases in Tangney research
- SS accounts of guilt may be over represented experience bc people have more private episodes
12
Q
Are shame and guilt largely felt in public?
A
- No, shame but not guilt is linked to public exposure
- Gutenberg literature: shame used un public exposure more than guilt
13
Q
How is acute guilt about an event adaptive as an emotion?
A
- Guilt leads more forgiveness seeking bc person is feeling more responsible, seeing their offense as more severe and feeling more committed to the relationship
- Repair is beneficial for person and the relationship
- Shows that you care and creates equity/balance in distress
14
Q
What is the difference between someone who is pro-self and prosocial?
A
- Pro-self: someone who maximizes their winning outcomes, selfish
- Prosocial: cooperative, maintain fairness
15
Q
How is shame functional?
A
- Proself who are led to feel shame are more likely to cooperate with another person after
- If the other person is someone who knows of the shameful experience
- Leach and Sidam say that feeling acute shame encourages people to avoid others and shaming situation
16
Q
What are the reconciling findings on acute shame?
A
- Positive effect when people see their own failure as reparable
- Motivates behavior aimed at restoring a positive self image threatened by failure
- Acute shame has negative effects when people see their own failure or tarnished social image as not reparable
17
Q
What does acute shame encourage/adaptive?
A
- Self growth and distancing
18
Q
How is chronic shame maladaptive?
A
- Associated with negative states and more reported negative behaviors (self reported aggression and drug use)
- Aggression: people who feel more shame blame others/circumstances more for their failures and shortcomings (high externalization)
- More rumination and more depression
19
Q
What is the alternative approach to studying shame: non-conscious shame
A
- Shame not represented in conscious experience
- Shaming interaction styles
- Mutual shaming
- Diagnosis from third party
20
Q
What is the difference between authentic and hubristic pride?
A
- Authentic pride: feel accomplished and confident, (achieve and competent), positive contribution to group
- Hubristic pride: feel arrogant and conceited (aggrandizing self in egoistical manner)
- Cross cultural consistency
21
Q
What are the correlations of authentic pride?
A
- Correlated with explicit self esteem, broad profile of social desirability and adjustment of big five (positive associations with A,E,C, O Emotional stability (opposite of neuroticism)
22
Q
What are the correlations of hubristic pride?
A
- negatively correlated with explicit self esteem and positive association with shame-proneness and narcissism
- Negatively associated with socially adaptive traits of A, C
23
Q
What are the three dimensions that can be considered for attributions?
A
- Internal vs external: something within (effort/natural ability)/outside the person who met certain outcome
- Stable vs unstable: whether the cause is always present or only present at times
- Controllable vs uncontrollable: how much the person who met a certain outcome can control what caused it
24
Q
What are the attributions to authentic and hubristic pride?
A
- Authentic pride: internal, specific, unstable, controllable causes
- Hubristic pride: internal, global, stable, uncontrollable causes
- Parallel between both: internal, specific, unstable and controllable attributions
- Parallel between hubristic pride and shame: linked to internal, global, stable and uncontrollable attributions
25
What are the different functions of authentic and hubristic pride?
- Authentic pride: facilitates achieving prestige bc more agreeable conscientious and more empathy toward others
- Hubristic pride: leads to dominance bc behave in aggressive and intimidating fashion, see as better than others, low empathy
26
What is authentic and hubristic pride linked to?
- Authentic pride: linked to effort attributions, prosocial and constructive
- Hubristic pride: linked to ability attributions, narcissism, coercion, low empathy
27
What are the critiques of the measure of hubristic pride?
- Measure of the perception that one has engaged in excessive displays of pride
- Social strategy
- Unmerited claims for credit
- unmerited pride = inconsistent with feeling good about yourself, not linked to SWB
28
What did Hoolbrook et al., find for critiquing hubristic pride?
- People with higher scores of hubristic pride are being fake when they claim credit to success and feel that their success is NOT due to internal factors such as ability and effort
- greatest achievement: associated with lower effort attributions = no link to ability
- Worse failure: seeing failure as due o lack f effort, ability and to stables causes in themselves
- Self deprecating view of their failures
29
What were the critiques of authentic pride?
- Measure that one perceives success as merited and due to effort and ability
- feel that pride is merited, genuine
- Correlated with narcissisms and with a willingness to coerce others to het your way
30
What is the difference in respecting vs liking of people?
- People respect and like competent others (mostly respect bc potential to gain higher status)
- People like and respect warm and caring others (mostly like)
31
What is the difference between feeling respected vs liked in hgih school?
- Respect was tied to identifying more with the school and helping out and high personal well being
- Felt liking tied to higher personal well being
32
What is the difference between feeling respected and feeling pride for volunteering?
- Pride: in the organization that one is volunteering for
- Respect: is the evaluation that one is accepted, appreciated and valued as a member of the organization
- Both lead to psychological commitment to organization
33
What are the two parts of commitment for volunteering?
- Emotional commitment and moral obligation
| - Commitment supports the intention to remain in the organization, feeling respected ties you to a place
34
What is the nature of status in small groups?
- People are very good at perceiving their own relative status and those of others in small groups
- Based on cues
35
What is the subjective social status in society at large?
- Subjective social status is when people are asked to place themselves on ladder (occupation, income, education)
- Subjective social status is important for psychological and physical well being
- Objective SES related to many health outcomes
- Subjective social status is important above and beyond objective social status
- lower subjective status = less control, depression, physical ailments
36
What are the 3rd variables that may account for the correlation between subjective social status and well beign?
- Neuroticism: experience negative affect , linked to lower status, poorer mental health and physical health
37
What are respects judgments at first glance?
- People respect those whose facial appearance communicates competence, leadership ability (with more viewing time) and who are more physically attractive
- Competence and leadership relate closely to dominance
38
What are the signs of embarrassment that are non verbal?
- Gaze aversion, compressed lips or pulled down corners of mouth, sheepish grin,
- Cover smile with hand or show other face touching, bow head, shift posture, stammer
- Blushing
39
What is embarrassment?
- Acute state of flustered, awkward, abashed chagrin that follows events that increase the threat of unwanted evaluations from real or imagined audiences
40
What are the functions of embarrassement?
- Self regulate: with the feeling cue to attend to others reaction, cue ti evaluate ones own behavior carefully, leads to change in behavior include to signaling to other
- Signal to others: appeasement
41
What is the underlying cause of embarrassement?
- Fundamental need to belong and so concerned with social evaluation
Disruption from usual/normal behavior in front of real or imagined audience
42
What are the subjective appraisals when embarrassed?
- Perceived the cause as temporary, a lack of control, uncertainty as to how to act, the situation as funny
43
What are the subjective reactions when embarrassed?
- Surprised, awkward, foolish, self-conscious (abrupt, mild, brief), nervous and worried (concern with others reaction)
44
What are others reactions to actors embarrassment?
- Helpful responses: evasion, empathy/support, kindly humour
| - Unhelpful responses: humour, deliberately attracting attention, criticizing
