QUIZ #2 Flashcards

Question

3: Praises/Positives of Utilitarianism? Explicit Concern for the Welfare of the Masses?

Answer 1

Explicit Concern for the Welfare of the Masses Mantra of “greatest good for the greatest number” explicitly positions the the decision maker’s accountability to the general/mass public and not one’s own self-interest Outward looking orientation has potential to bring about large amounts of “goodness” *Most significant praise for Utilitarianism

Answer 2

Can we quantify a concept such as “goodness/pleasure”?? How do we define higher and lower order pleasures/happiness?? Should we??

Answer 3

How to measure ALL the consequences of our actions Can we ever accurately predict outcomes/consequences of actions

Answer 4

Threat to close friends and family Are we willing to be calculating and detached observers in all our decision making even when we know it may harm those closest to us May be too demanding and detached to our relations E.g., Trolley thought experiment…family now involved

Answer 5

Focus so heavily on the outcomes/consequences that the way in which we get there/the means or process is not considered. The act itself is neither right nor wrong…is it too permissive??... …Thought experiment: Harvesting organs from 1 to save lives of 5 people So actively and intentionally killing an innocent person could be the ethically correct thing to do if the right consequences apply.

Answer 6

Which Society/Outcome would the Utilitarian choose and why??? Utilitarianism Slide 29

Answer 7

By prioritizing the Sum Total Welfare decisions can be to the detriment of groups who are on the margins People can be further marginalized if outside the mainstream/dominant E.g., less emphasis on sport/rec programming for marginalized *Most significant critique of Utilitarianism

Answer 8

calculating the overall pleasure/pain…the consequences or outcomes. So trying to harm someone and accidentally helping them means you were ethical. (outcome matters) Vice versa, you may have good intentions but if doesn’t work out or bad consequences occur you are unethical to a utilitarian

Answer 9

Consequentialist (Utilitarianism) focuses on the ends/results to determine right/wrong actions Approach that considers the means/intent, principles, or duties as the foundation for right ethical conduct

Answer 10

A non-consequentialist focuses on the the nature of the act in question, and not the results…Is my action right?

Answer 11

action in itself is right/wrong

Answer 12

Good (Consequence) “Do the Right thing!”

Answer 13

1: Theology 2: Social Contract 3: Deontology Right ethical conduct resides in right actions

Answer 14

Religious doctrine as the basis of a theological orientation to ethics Less of a focus in this class…however one of more well known (also draws on virtue ethics) Faith informs what right action is

Answer 15

Divine Command Theory Natural Law Theory

Answer 16

Belief of what is ethical/moral, and what is immoral, originates from the divine (i.e., God or gods)…tells/guides you how to act/what is right

Answer 17

That we are essentially pre-loaded to know what is good…that is part of who we are and lives in us…more a process of not forgetting this. St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer 18

"Golden Rule"

Answer 19

Argued a shift is needed to move from how YOU want to be treated to how THEY they want to be treated (ex. aggressive coaches can motivate but they may not want you to treat them that way) “Treat others how they wanted to be treated” Golden rule assumes others want to be treated like I would. Platinum asks that we understand how others want to be treated and go from there. Attends to subjectivities in how people would like to be treated, not from your own vantage, often called ‘platinum rule’ As with any approach that guides our living always good to inquire/think with as deeply as you can

Answer 20

Contractualism

Answer 21

Developed by Thomas Hobbes

Answer 22

a world with no rules that governed behavior. View of people that we are deeply self-interested, and generally bad. Egoists If no rules in place life would be short, nasty, and brutish Imagine a world with no rules…a land of do as you please— “state of nature” Tension: Abundance of freedom with no security Basis in politics, agreeing to be governed, to be part of collective with whatever rules are in place

Answer 23

Ex. you would not feel much security if there was no laws But sometimes you have to give up certain freedoms to live in a certain way- willing to be governed. Has to have a contract for this and must obey contract

Answer 24

rational people would trade freedom for security as would result in a better quality of life. Key to everything is a contract. By obeying rules/contracts/agreements life will be better as a member of the collective, and individual will not live in fear. As people we have realized there are more benefits to cooperating than not… Ethics and Morality (those questions of what we ought to do) emerges from the creation of a social contract/shared agreement of rules we should live by

Answer 25

do not violate the free, rational agreements (social contracts) that we have made Our social contracts/rules/agreements (laws, policies, handshakes, social norms) establishes right/wrong conduct

Answer 26

not just rules are good you should obey them… Rather, cooperation better—makes life not just survivable but possible

Answer 27

Explicit Contracts Implicit Contracts

Answer 28

More obvious, straightforward, clear E.g., Signing a rental lease agreement. You agree to the terms in the contract, could be things like rent, lease length, notice, etc. Other examples: laws/rules in sport (helmets hockey, body checking), Treaty responsibilities)

Answer 29

Contracts we never actually agree to but still find ourselves operating in. Rules we never explicitly agreed to but still are expected to follow. E.g., The concept of ‘sportsmanship’ in sports – the unwritten rules of sport!!

Answer 30

free, and idea is that both parties, overall, are better off in system than outside of it

Answer 31

Curling Canada Liability waivers Upkeep facility to certain level…I take responsibility for actions beyond that Outlining where responsibilities lies and what actions must be taken by provider (of sport/health) and participant

Answer 32

“Sportsmanship”

Answer 33

Often discussed as actions or behaviors in sport that demonstrate respect for an opponent or the game Sometimes discussed as virtues (concept for later discussion on virtue ethics and developing good ‘character’ Other times discussed as there are unwritten rules to sport that we should know and follow (social contract theory!!)

Answer 34

Running up the score…winning or losing with dignity/grace…showboating - differences at different levels? (youth to elite sport—e.g. play time)

Answer 35

Is running up the score ethically/morally permissible? Should we as players, coaches, fans, permit/applaud this type of action? Should a team with a big lead stop trying/change actions? Why or why not? Circumstances or situations in which rules are different?

Answer 36

the act in itself is wrong, it violates the unwritten ‘mercy’ rules of sport Action is degrading, not-needed, takes act of competition too far (win-at-all costs mentality and actions associated with are detrimental to people and society) Scenario based consideration, youth or children sport even more contentious

Answer 37

Sports (especially at professional level) is built upon actions of competition, production, winning and losing… “Perhaps in such an environment (professional/elite), it is unreasonable to expect that participants are fair and generous as they participate. Winning and losing with a spirit of graciousness would seem irrelevant, though it may be a nice façade.” (Pennington, 2017)—different view to youth sport (fallacy of regarding children/youth as professional athletes thus treat actions/environment as such) Players are there to compete (those are the actions asked), thus placing this unwritten rule there seems contradictory to what it is they are there to do and how they are judged…sure we can praise actions of sportsmanship but it is not an expectation of conduct/behaviour in sport.

Answer 38

What we understand to be right actions/ethical behavior is negotiated between people and in society at large Ethics/morality is a function of coming to a social agreement/contract. Positive in that ethics are not predetermined but created and negotiated by people, and can change over time Comes from ethical base that we continually negotiate the responsibilities/ agreements we want thus we are all kept and buy into that high standard….also allow for continuity of social contracts (we step into them) I.e., If we take on contract/agreement we have a duty to keep. Push for cooperation over self-maximization or marginalization…understanding that giving up certain rights and privileges allows for a better society

Answer 39

Permissive and changing. Social norms and laws can change/do…yet at same time often defer to tradition (in terms of laws/social norms) Is this applicable in societies where so many strangers, do I really feel like I have a social responsibility/contract to people I barely know? Power of this approach degrading in some forms? Paper ethics? Push for explicit contracts and rules to govern behavior…must be written Does it provide too much power to larger institutional bodies (e.g., governments, sporting institutions, IOC) to make laws/actions under the notion of protecting public or creating the conditions to allow sport to exist

Answer 40

The science of duty

Answer 41

Rules are what bind us to our duty to act rightly; Rules Matter

Answer 42

it may not be undertaken, no matter the good it might produce.

Answer 43

The INTENT of the action as important as action itself** can cause issues, will say more (Doctrine of Double Effect) Ethical actions follow universal moral laws—Interest in creating Universal rules to guide action E.g. Don’t lie, don’t steal, don’t cheat Intent to murder vs. accidental murder. Intent matters.

Answer 44

In order to consider what is Right must use reasoning Humans unique in that we can reason (Kant)

Answer 45

Hypothetical Imperatives Categorical Imperatives

Answer 46

Are based on our desires—these are not moral/ethical decisions/reasoning Based in: if-then statement If I/you want X, then I/you should do Y.

Answer 47

These are the commands you must follow, regardless of your desires There is no way these can be ethically violated Must always be adhered to

Answer 48

logical reflection and reasoning Two discussed for this course: -Way in which you can evaluate your/one’s actions and make an ethical judgment

Answer 49

A rule/action that must always be done in similar situations Act only as if everyone were allowed to do it Reasoning/logic to rules—Imagine what it would be like to universalize, or have everyone doing that action… “The Universalizability Principle” Any rule or action you do must always be done in the same situation. Everyone is expected to do it. If everyone in the world di it, you’ll be comfortable doing it. Ex. what if everyone littered? – would you be okay with that? – if no, then that says it’s not universalizable and you shouldn’t do it. – doesn’t matter what youre desire is in the moment.

Answer 50

Test it out… Should you lie (in any number of situations)? Test/reasoning: Make it a universal law. Everyone can lie in any circumstance. Communication is impossible under these circumstances. Conversations full of deception. You should not lie. Example: 1) Parks Canada Use this type of reasoning to explain why park visitors should not pick/harvest, or take anything from parks. If everyone did the parks would no longer remain. 2) Cheating or Doping in sport Use this type of reasoning to explain issues with acts of cheating in sport or doping If everyone did these things sport competition would be unfair or even dangerous to health.

Answer 51

Easy to apply, all you must do is follow the rules, these rules are often known to you through your intuition/reasoning (i.e., don’t cheat) and in many of our work situations are given to us (i.e., policies, codes of ethics) Considers the manner and intent of our actions (i.e., an action can and should be judged) as opposed to allowing the ends justify the means (i.e., all that matters is consequences). Often tradition and history can inform our understanding of right/wrong actions. Thus, there may be stability in what we deem to be an expression of ethical conduct. Over time we have come to socially agree certain actions are wrong or at the very least frowned upon.

Answer 52

Individual responsibility is often deferred to rules, religion, doctrine, tradition, policy, law, etc. *Most significant critique: By deferring to rules/principles many argue that people place blame external to them and do not critically self reflect on own actions/ethical base. Rule-based ethical theories can be static in nature and very rarely change as society changes. Rule is a rule…don’t invite questioning/inquiry often Is it possible to make universal rules that cut across diversity? (i.e., what is a right/wrong act in one place may not be in another) Can this approach travel with the person?

Answer 53

Alternative Approach to Ethics Outside the conversation of consequentialism and non-consequentialism Both approach ethics of asking “What is the right/good thing to do?” Consequentialist consider the consequences or results to get answers Non-Consequentialists consider the act/principles/contracts

Answer 54

Should not be asking, “What is right/good, or what should I do?” Virtue Ethics = “What kind of person ought I be” Shift from “issue” focus to “person/character” focus

Answer 55

Ethical theory that focuses on the moral development of virtuous character in people Not about telling you what to do or giving you guiding principles/rules Focus on ongoing character development

Answer 56

If we can focus our attention on being ‘good/virtuous’ people the right action will easily follow The virtuous person habitually knows what to do in any given situation About cultivating virtuous character over time

Answer 57

Asking yourself, “would a good person do what I am doing?” Ex. practice everyday matters, not just game time moments- every day single actions If you don’t practice at every moment, you are not constantly bettering your character- when you come up to a sticky situation, you’ll know what to do because you have been practicing

Answer 58

“Who Should I be?... Who am I becoming?” -This is the ethical question to ask-

Answer 59

Focus of ethics needs to be on the continual development of virtuous character (Who we are and are becoming)–This will lead to ethical behavior and right actions. I.e., We don’t need a rule book of what to do we need to develop our virtues (ex. we obviously know honesty is a virtue that we should practice and pass on to others)

Answer 60

“An action is right, if and only if, it is what a virtuous person would do in that circumstance.”

Answer 61

If we develop virtues and act out of them, we will act ethically Virtues are what keep us from doing immoral/unethical actions What we need to consider in ethics is discussing what types of virtues/characteristics we ought to develop and pass on And what virtues live within us, or need to be developed They develop good character

Answer 62

Because they are virtuous…meaning they developed and reflected on their character

Answer 63

What is a virtue…?? Lots of character traits, are they all just virtues?... No Certain character traits are virtues Aristotle argued that virtues sit at the golden mean…the midpoint I.e., between two vices-–excess and deficiency Too much or too little of anything virtue not good, about balance

Answer 64

That is part of the power of virtue ethics. That virtues are relative to time and place. No need to standardize.

Answer 65

Overly Restrained -- Honest -- Brutally Honest Imagine a Coach: The Overly Restrained Coach: Not willing to tell hard truths to team and players. Does not want to hurt, and thus may never push/get best. The Brutally Honest Coach: Soul-crushing honesty to the point of degrading. Every moment is a teachable moment gone too far. Unrealistic The Honest Coach: Ability to offer criticisms in a way that gets best from team/players. Respond. In the right moment, the right way, etc.

Answer 66

Common claim that practicing or participating in a sport improves your moral character…sport as a virtue teacher…sport build character Experiences in sport…think…share? Perseverance in sport Willingness and ability to keep trying in the face of difficulty Between vices of ‘giving up’ and ‘stubborn over commitment’ Ex. win at all costs in any level of sport is living in excess

Answer 67

Or do some of our sports or health promoting practices ask/push us to live at the extremes/vices and not at the ‘golden mean’ Experiences in sport where character development is at the extremes? Vice of win-at-all costs may be one example

Answer 68

Requires “Practical Wisdom”

Answer 69

Aristotle argued not a type of book/conceptual/abstract learning Aristotle did argue one can learn to be virtuous though

Answer 70

Virtue is a skill, a way of living, can only really be learned through experience i.e., we don’t expect children to be virtuous About having ‘street smarts’, the ability to separate the important factors in a situation from the lesser ones Virtuous people have this sense of understanding what matters, what is important, and know how to proceed

Answer 71

Developing virtues/character is not a solitary battle/undertaking Turn to “Moral Exemplars”

Answer 72

Moral exemplars are people who already posses virtue. That person(s) who lives a well life in such an effortless way. They are virtuous. Consult them “What would ____ do” Aristotle stated we are built with the ability to recognize these people and desire to emulate them You watch “moral exemplars” than you do as those watched.

Answer 73

“Eudamonia”

Answer 74

Is the Aristotelian word for a life well lived About ‘Flourishing as a human’ Like a plant but your not a plant (but you are) Not just a simple live well, feel well--happy About this sense that we/you as a person are “always becoming” Not a feeling of, wow, I am such a good/virtuous person. I should pat myself on the back. Rather, a feeling of I am always attempting to be the best person I can be at all times, this process of becoming is continuous Aristotle argues this person, the virtuous person, will do good things

Answer 75

habituation – By doing something (i.e., acting virtuous) over and over, Eventually it will become part of your character. By attending to your moral character development you will know what to do in any situation. Utility of this approach is far reaching…

Answer 76

Changes the dominant narrative in ethics that focus more on what to do (the issue) and less the development of an individuals capacity (the person) Full weight of decision rests upon the decision maker. There is no deferral of critique. Thus, may be one of the few frameworks that asks individual to inquire into themselves and how they are living. Consequentialist defer to cost-benefit analysis of what best/greatest outcome Non-consequentialist defer to rules/principals to guide actions Both allow to go about decisions without questioning self No more deferral of responsibility!

Answer 77

This is what many claim, that focus is just on character. Framework provides no guide to making decisions just says become a better person However, if we try to be virtuous and avoid vices, is this action-guiding enough?

Answer 78

Critics argue when in difficult situations our virtues are fragile and we often don’t follow through. We try but hard. Critics thus state that if we are to consider virtue it shouldn’t be on developing people, rather, we should develop institutions to be virtuous, so the virtuous response is easy for the individual. Too high a standard, can we really all become virtuous people?

Answer 79

Ethics triangle pulls from bases discussed to say ethical decision may be formulated through following considerations: 1) Does the decision accomplish the best end for the greatest number? (Consequentialism -- Results) Consider the consequences/results!! 2) Is the decision consistent with intuitive, organizational, socio-cultural, and universal norms? (Non-consequential -- Rules) Consider social contracts, rules, and norms 3) Is this authentic and virtuous behavior? How does this particular decision impact on oneself? And on others who will feel the impact? (Character -- Virtue) Consider good character **Do not limit to only one area**

Answer 80

Have shown less of a concern for women’s issues Overrate masculine traits while undermining feminine Imply that women are less morally mature **Favour male ways of moralizing (rules, rights, universality, impartial) over female ways of engaging (care, connection and maintaining relationships) Carol Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg’s model on basis that women approach ethics from an “ethics of care” not and “ethics of justice”

Answer 81

Women can speak language of rational, universal rules, or self chosen principles (Kohlberg) but Gilligan argued this should not guide societies framework

Answer 82

1) Overemphasize self interests (turn to ourselves for decision making) 2) Overemphasize others’ interests (Goodness is to self-sacrifice) 3) Weave together self and others’ interests relationally. (Both cared for) No differentiation of my interests/living as separate from yours. Rather our lives and worlds are relationally composed. (Lugones develops upon this)

Answer 83

Self-in-relation, instead of Kohlberg’s discussion of cognitive capability/critical thinking

Answer 84

“What is the responsible thing to do when you find yourself in a situation of relationship—where there seems to be no way of acting that will not cause hurt” Am I being relationally responsive as an individual. Always act so as to establish, maintain or enhance caring relations as best as I can.

Answer 85

1) The center of attention is no longer about considering independent actors—this is replaced by a web of interrelated individuals. (Ethics is not about me and you; it’s about us.) 2) The impartial application of abstract principles (Utilitarianism & Deontology) is replaced by the maintenance and harmonizing of human relationships. (Ethics is less about the fair imposition of rules and more about crafting social integration.) 3) Tensions between the rights of individuals get replaced by conflicts of responsibility to others in established relationships. (Ethical tensions aren’t my rights versus yours; it’s me being torn between those I care for—ethical reasoning is an explanation of these relational tensions.)

Answer 86

Shift from the caring relation in feminist ethics to the ways in which society has been structured to actively marginalize specific groups of people over time in specific ways. (think Joseph & Kriger reading)

Answer 87

For Status-Oriented Feminists power is central to discussion and no discussion of ethics can occur without discussing power dynamics. Need to change dominant power systems that privilege men, while at the same time disempowering females—These systems also disempower men but in different ways (limit their relation to ones self and others) Interest in deconstructing the interlocking systems of oppression (i.e., not based on gender alone but aspects such as race, socioeconomic, ableism, eurocentrism, etc.) – Challenge things that limit peoples possibility.

Answer 88

“Right actions are those that challenge interlocking systems of oppressions” Focus on doing actions that empower people who have disempowered

Answer 89

Canada sport system has created a sport system that is focused on Long-Term-Athlete-Development. Transfers this approach to working with Indigenous communities Meaning support for sport (whether that be facilities, coach development, athlete development) largely must reside in notion of creating better elite athletes in western sense Aboriginal Sport Circle and many people have discussed sport system with Indigenous communities has different values, purposes, and definitions—the support being provided is limited to a specific conception of athlete development and sport Limits type of activities, how funding is given, and how communities may develop what “sport” may look like within their community E.g., where do traditional games/practices fit in? (e.g., snow snake)

Answer 90

This description of what matters often reflects the tensions people experience when trying to figure out what to do in any given situation. Respects this aspect that we want to be cared-for and are natural caring/attentive to relations What we actually want and ought to do aligns more to this than turning to rules/abstract prescriptions.

Answer 91

Like virtue ethics—no deferral to abstract rules or principles but a clear attention in this case to ripples in relationships. Status-based, explicit discussion of power, ethics is about deconstructing power for those disempowered Other approaches have very little to say about this (Does race matter to a utilitarian calculator?)

Answer 92

Tribalism is when we act/develop deep loyalties to our close social relationships and groups and thus create an us (my group) vs. them (those I am not connected with) mentality Feminists argue this is a surface level critique – reducing and forgetting that basis of feminist ethics is in these notions of not seeing oneself as separate but as relationally composed and open to relation.

Answer 93

Does not tell one how to act

Answer 94

Some argue that care ethics reduce to virtue ethics—just care is the primary virtue instead of something like “practical wisdom” Can I care for all? Is this too demanding…Can I understand my life as woven and deeply tied to each person

Answer 95

In ethical conversations we are often asking people to consider a different perspective--at times we are even trying to persuade people. Aristotle argued that “Rhetorical Strategies” are needed if we are to be able to properly persuade, or at very least open the possibility for a different consideration…

Answer 96

1) Pathos 2) Logos 3) Ethos 4) Kairos

Answer 97

Appeal using logics and facts that support perspective Appeal that pulls on the audiences logical sense making (Appeal to the head). Often done through using data and or facts to support claims American Psychological Association, has identified that the repeated use of stereotypical images has a negative impact on peoples self identities…or a survey conducted at McGill University identified that 75% of students who voted deemed the use of Indigenous mascots to be racist and oppressive and should be changed.

Answer 98

Appeal to the audiences emotions Appeal that pulls on the audiences capacity for empathy (Appeal to the heart). Often done in conjunction with logos, but draws on storytelling to exemplify logical appeal. E.g., Thomas Jirousek, McGill, sharing a story of feeling less-than heritage as a caricature/cartoon, hard to play when getting mocked…Wilton Littlechild (this morning discussions, story on train tracks, holding hands)

Answer 99

Appeal using the authority, credibility, or character of the presenter Can be done through a demonstration of why your voice on issue matters…you can/are an authority/expert on issue E.g., I worked in inner city for 5+ years, understanding of issue as lived…society of stereotypes and judgments. Can be done through tone and showing of ‘good character’ in public debate, such as showing more than one side of an issue before arguing for a position. –so that your arguments/counter arguments are in conversation with/effective E.g., Indigenous mascots lecture brought up fandom, intent, etc. than moved to provide counter arguments

Answer 100

Appeal at the right/critical/opportune moment Appeal at the right moment, your appeal is “timely” and appropriate to audiences, understand timeliness as leverage E.g., TRC report 2015, “Nothing about us, without us”, set within wider policy/political importance and change

Answer 101

Is an approach to engaging with others where people publicly and collectively reprimand (or shame/call-out) a behavior or view

Answer 102

Purpose is to alter unwanted behavior and make known what behavior is acceptable or unacceptable

Answer 103

Effective form of pushing for social accountability in society E.g., University of Regina “You Belong Here” campaign Way to push for inclusion and publicly call out racism, bullying, And violence

Answer 104

Is an approach to engaging with others where people look to meet person where they are at and then educate/share a different perspective

Answer 105

Purpose is to open a space where people can reflect on behaviors through individualized reflection on limited understandings to support change

Answer 106

Effective form of pushing for social accountability without punishment E.g., Blanket exercise Way of teaching about the impacts of colonization and residential schools in Canada. Participatory way of learning/becoming more educated.

QUIZ #2 Flashcards

(130 cards)