QUIZ 2 Flashcards
(37 cards)
give 3 examples of change at the congress of vienna and explain why they occurred + what interests were involved in the decision
a) creation of a reduced (hence non-threatening) kingdom of poland out of lands austria and prussia had seized during earlier parittions - interests: france, gb, and austria fear increasing russian + prussian power in central europe, establishment of a buffer state
b) austrian netherlands (belgium) is awarded to the dutch interests - interests: british want a friendly state on france’s northern border (austria compensated through other lands)
c) award of rhineland territories to the prussians - interests: prussians want to discourage french aggression to the east
a) in what way did emerging nationalism threaten the habsburg monarchy and b) what strategy was employed to deter the risk of ethnic parcelisation? c) describe two or three different national claims within the austrian empire
a) habsburgs ruled over 11 major nationalities without a state of their own, including hungarians and poles, who had once had fully independent states + german and italian nationalists began to call for national unification
b) tradition of habsburg monarchy itself was an important force for cohesion, habsburgs depended on the support of the german middle class and of the enormous german-speaking bureaucracy, the monarchy enjoyed the support of austrian and hungarian nobles as well as their croation, polish, and italian counterparts
c) ?
give 3 sources of popular discontent with the bourbons and explain the causes of the july revolution
discontent: establishment of powerful liberal associations and presence in chamber of deputies, economic crisis of 1828 and bad harvests, merchants and manufacturers unhappy with too great attention given by the government to landowners rather than commerce and industry
causes of revolution: remember the july/four ordinances of 1830, dissolves chamber of deputies, mass disenfranchisement, muzzled the press
describe two reasons why the movement for independence in 1848 was unsuccessful
foreign intervention, the refusal of the pope to support the revolutions, lack of involvement from the masses, and lack of national leadership and aims
with what steps did the counter-revolution proceed in the austrian empire and prussia? why did a rivalry erupt between austria and prussia shortly after defeating their ideological opponents?
the confusion of competing national claims and rivalries within the habsburg lands eased the task of counter-revolution within the austrian empire
now that german revolutionaries had been swept away by the juggernaut of counter-revolution, prussian king fredrick william iv proposed the creation of a prussian union
austria expressed immediate oppositioin to the plan, however, the habsburg dynasty no more wanted to see an expansion of prussian influence in central europe than it had desired german unification under the liberal auspices of the frankfurt parliament
describe two reasons why louis napoleon won popular support and who was his primary base of support
intervention in rome earned louis napoleon the gratitue of conservative catholics, another reason here, he was supported by the newly founded party of order, which consisted of adherents of the bourbons, louis-philippe, and catholics
describe the legacy of 1848 and three subsequent consequences
legacy: the revolutions of 1848 were the first time mass movements of workers across the continent put forth organised demands for political rights, the movements did make demands for middle-class liberal reforms, BUT there was a popular quality to them in demands for universal male suffrage, the movements met with brutal repression and conservative restoration across the continent
three subsequent consequences: emergence and anticipation of mass politics which would assume increasing significant in the latter decades of the 19th century, scattering of a generation of committed republicans, nationalists, and socialists, end of an era of civic/natioinal guards and consolidation of professional armies
what were three factors which reduced mortality in the early 19th century, supporting population growth across europe?
a) vaccinations - diseases were reduced, but still a big killer
b) municipalities paid more attention/money to the cleanliness of cities e.g. sewage disposal, cleaner water via sand filters and iron pipes
c) less women died young → longer lives → more time to have children
what are four of the reasons why the industrial revolution began in england?
a) capital-intensive commercialised farming was able to sustain/feed the growing population of britain, earlier than the rest of europe
b) their coal and iron deposits are near water transportation
c) commercial domination = they built upon their foundations of colonial trade
d) had a banking system in place that allowed companies/business to be put in place more easily than other places such as france
what were the four main levels of the social pyramid which made up the 19th century middle class?
a) top = well-connected banking families, industrial magnates, and the wealthiest wholesale merchants, as well as a few top government ministers and ambassadors (the richest of the middle class)
b) lawyers and notaries
c) families drawing more modest incomes from businesses, rental properties, and lucrative government posts
d) bottom = petty bourgeoisie includes shopkeepers of modest means and expectations, wine merchants, minor officials, school teachers, cafe owners, and some craftsmen
for what reason were most working class families excluded from the middle class ideal in which men occupied the public sphere and women the private sphere?
a) in general middle class men of the public sphere were to make money and to serve the public good in the world of politics and women in the private sphere were inward-focused guardians of the home and upholders of family and private morality
b) middle class = homes with distinct/separate rooms, working class = often one room for everyone
c) middle class = sent children to school as education became increasingly important, working class = could not afford it/needed their children’s wage contributions to the family income
d) middle class was seen as separate from working class as the middle class wanted to instill their conception of middle class morality on workers
what was the most significant way the industrial revolution shifted the conception of gender?
the arrival of women in the industrial workforce challenged traditional gender roles which assumed that women and their work should be centred around the home
this gave rise to a conception of gender as representing different, complementary spheres, instead of the previous hierarchical model which involved two separate spheres
what was a) one reason children were increasingly involved in textile work in factories? what was b) one piece of legislation passed in britain and c) one passed in france to limit child labour?
a) they were small and as such could do and go into places that were too small for an adult to fit in
b) the factory act of 1833 banned work of children under 9 and other children could only work 8 hours a day
c) france’s first child labour law was in 1841 and banned factory work for children under 8 and limited the workday to 8 hours for those 8-13 years of age and to 12 hours for those 13-16 years old, banning child labour at night and on sundays and holidays
what were the two most significant technological innovations which drove the second industrial revolution?
a) electricity revolutions = telegraph → telephone = essentially the development and production of power that were able to move around more easily → creation of things to make life easier like the sewing machine
b) chemical revolution = better agriculture, improvements also came in the textile industry and improvements in engineering
c) steel was less expensive to produce, stronger, durable, and more flexible than iron
what are two developments which improved the living standards of ordinary people across europe in the late 19th century?
a) in britain, workers’ wages rose, between 1850-1875 = higher level of consumption and since the priceof food fell because of the improvements in agriculture and it increased the yield increased as well, = more money to spend on things like clothes or utensils
b) diets improved = grain and meat arrived in regrigerated ships from places like canada, the usa, australia, and argentina = diets improved thus nutrition improved (and as a by-product people became taller)
what were the four main factors which drove overseas emigration in the last decades of the 19th century?
work/money - seasonal work or people moved to work to send money to their family
crop failures and the promise of land in the usa
they were fleeing poverty and/or anti-semitic violence
overseas emigration increased because of economic stagnation, marginal and overcrowded agricultural regions, religious persecution, and the hope of finding a better life
what were three reasons that ensured the success of prussia in leading unified germany?
a) territorial acquisitions in the industrialising rhineland after the napoleonic wars and a relatively strong economic position, which had been bolstered by the zollverein customs union
b) prussia’s population was quite homogeneous, as it was almost entirely german-speaking and protestant, with the notable exception of the largely catholic rhineland
c) the prussian royal family, the hohenzollerns, benefited from the internal stability brought by an effective administrative bureaucracy and were supported by an ambitious, powerful, landed nobility, the junkers, who dominated the officer corps of the prussian army
define otto bismarck’s realpolitik type of politics, give 3 examples of bismarck’s political/diplomatic/military successes
bismarck’s type of politics came to be known as ‘realpolitik’, the pursuit of a nation’s self-interest based on a realistic assessment of the costs and consequences of action. inherent in realpolitik was an absence of moral or ethical considerations, which were overrun by bismarck’s unshakeable determination to enhance the power of the prussian monarchy and nobility, and therefore of germany
restricted freedom of the press, drew italy into a secret alliane, signed a convention with the french govt which led to a peace treaty and to the official proclamation of the german empire in 1871
is austria-hungary a multiethnic state? what were the 5 reasons that held together this multiethnic state during the ‘long’ 19th century?
first part needs an answer
5 reasons: tradition of the habsburg monarchy was an important force for cohesion, the support of the german middle class and the german-speaking bureaucracy, the support of the nobles, catholicism acted as a unifying mechanism within the austrian empire, the prestige of the imperial army
3 stages of karl marx’s system of historical progress and link them to the class he saw as the leading one, how to we move from one stage to the other?
the era of the nobility (the feudal society), the era of the bourgeoisie (capitalist expansion), the era of the communist society (the proletariat seized the means of production and creates the classless society)
move from one stage to the other through revolutions, the deprived class revolts against the dominant
3 social reforms that were introduced in gb, germany, and france + why did states and employers decide to provide welfare for the workers + was the role of trade unions and strikes decisive in achieving better living conditions for the workers?
the workmen’s compensation law (1897) made employers responsible for bearing the cost of industrial accidents
the old age pension act (1908) provided some income for workers over 70 years of age whose incomes fell below a specific sum per week
the national insurance bill (1911) meant that workers’ friendly societies administered insurance payments based on voluntary employee wage deductions
last parts need answers
3 disagreements between socialists and anarchists
socialists wanted to take over the states, anarchists wanted to destroy it
2 more
give the 3 dimensions of the east question as well as one reason each for french and british support of the ottoman empire during the crimean war
contest for control of the bosporus straits separating europe and asia, russia’s insistence that it was the protector of slavic and orthodox interests in the balkans, emergence of national movements among christian minorities, including serbs and bulgarians, demanding the creation of independent orthodox states in the balkans
france had in principle protected the rights of catholics in the ottoman empire since the mid-18th century + napoleon iii eager for a military victory to solidify support for his regime
the british government was ill-disposed towards russia’s expansion in the balkans
in the uk in the mid-19th century, the victorian consensus came to represent the ideal cohesion brought about by capitalist development. explain 3 elements of the ideological ethos of this consensus
a) in the victorian entrepreneurial ideal, the individual demonstrated his moral worth through hard work, in contrasy to the evils of the old system of patronage - competition would determine those who were fit to rule
b) religious images and references permeated victorian social and political discourse, entrepreneurs believed that they were doing god’s work by becoming successful
c) temperance movements proliterated in a wave of concern about lower class drunkenness
