Quiz 2

Question 1

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Answer 1

IPSP occurs when synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to leave the cell (carrying a positive charge with them) or for chloride ions to enter the cell(carrying a negative charge)
it increases the negative charge within the cell, moving it farther from the threshold and decreasing the probability of an action potential

Question 2

postsynaptic neuron

Answer 2

the one that receives neurons

the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse,

Question 3

reflexes

Answer 3

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

automatic muscular responses to stimuli

Question 4

synapse

Answer 4

the communication between one neuron and the next differs from communication along a single axon.

a specialized gap between neurons

Question 5

temporal summation

Answer 5

Summation by a postsynaptic cell of input (EPSPs or IPSPs) from a single source over time.

It is summation over time

Question 6

amino acids

Answer 6

building blocks of proteins

glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate,

Question 7

catecholamines

Answer 7

hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response

This contain a catechol group and an amine group such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Question 8

cocaine

Answer 8

Stimulant drug that inhibits the transporters for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, thus decreasing reuptake and prolonging the effects of the neurotransmitters.

Question 9

endocrine (hormone-producing) glands

Answer 9

Are hypothalamus , pineal gland Pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, thyroid glands, thymus, liver, adrenal gland, kidney, pancreas, ovary (in female), placenta (in female during pregnancy), testis (in male)

Question 10

hallucinogenic drugs

Answer 10

psychoactive drugs that alter consciousness by producing a temporary loss of contact with reality and changes in emotion, perception, and thought.

Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch.

drugs that distort perception, such as lysergic acid diethylamide chemically resemble serotonin

Question 11

hormone

Answer 11

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.

is a chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by the blood to influence other cells.

Question 12

ionotropic effects

Answer 12

The effect of a transmitter substance or hormone that activates or deactivates ionotrophic receptors

corresponding to the brief on/off effects that Sherrington and Eccles studied.

Question 13

MAO(monoamine oxidase),

Answer 13

That breaks down these transmitters into inactive chemicals, thereby preventing the transmitters to accumulate to harmful levels.

Question 14

neurotransmitters-

Answer 14

a neuron releases chemicals that affect another neuron.

Question 15

nitric oxide

Answer 15

a gas released by many small local neurons

is poisonous in large quantities and difficult to make in a laboratory.

Question 16

opiate drugs

Answer 16

Usually includes morphine, heroin, and methadone.

are derived from, or chemically similar to those derived from, the opium poppy.

Question 17

oxytocin

Answer 17

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Uterine contractions, milk release, sexual pleasure

Question 18

reuptake

Answer 18

process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles.

The presynaptic neuron takes up much or most of the released neurotransmitter molecules intact and reuses them.

occurs through special membrane proteins called transporters.

Question 19

transmitter-gated

Answer 19

channel that opens temporarily when a neurotransmitter binds to it.

are voltage-gated, the channels controlled by a neurotransmitter

when the neurotransmitter attaches, it opens a channel.

Question 20

transporters

Answer 20

mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane.

The activity of transporters varies among individuals and from one brain area to another.

Any transmitter molecules that the transporters do not take will instead break down by an enzyme called COMT

Question 21

vasopressin

Answer 21

Raises blood pressure, decreases urine volume

Question 22

vesicles

Answer 22

Mail men,” small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane.
small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in

Tiny nearly spherical packets