quiz 2

Question 1

attention excluding other features of the environment

Answer 1

selective

Question 2

attention in capacity and timing

Answer 2

limited

Question 3

Overt vs covert

Answer 3

Overt: willingly pay attention
covert: things grabbing attention without making a decision

Question 4

Ability to focus on one message and ignore all others

Answer 4

selective attention

Question 5

How does the Broadbent filter model work with selective attention?

Answer 5

Message is sent to ‘sensory memory’ then does through ‘filter’ (selective attention) for attended message being sent to the detector then to memory

Question 6

Stage in Broadbent Filter Model that processes all information to determine higher-level characteristics of the message

Answer 6

Detector

Question 7

How does the intermediate-selection model work in Treisman’s Attenuation Theory?

Answer 7

Message is relayed to attenuator. Attenuator divides between attended message (strong) and unattended message (weak). This is sent to the dictionary until being placed to memory.

Question 8

Which portion of Treisman’s Attenuation Theory contains words, each of which have thresholds for being activated.

Answer 8

Dictionary Unit

Question 9

In the dictionary unit, words that are common or important have (low/high) thresholds, which uncommon words have (low/high) thresholds

Answer 9

important-low uncommon-high

Question 10

Which study used divided attention between remembering target and monitoring rapidly presented stimuli?

Answer 10

Schneider and Shiffrin

Question 11

Condition where (in example) target would be numbers and distractors would be letters

Answer 11

Consistent mapping

Question 12

Occurs without intention and only uses some of a person’s cognitive resources

Answer 12

automatic processing

Question 13

Effect in automatic processing where name of the word interferes with the ability to name the ink color

Answer 13

Stroop effect

Question 14

What is the condition and who made it: rules changed from trial to trial

Answer 14

Varied mapping condition: Schneider and Shiffrin

Question 15

Who performed the Single vs Dual-task paradigms experiment with the driving simulation (pursuit tracking task)?

Answer 15

Strayer and Johnston

Question 16

What are the two factors to explain lower performance in Experiment 1: Strayer and Johnston?

Answer 16

Lower performance from producing vocal output and thinking

Question 17

In Experiment 2 of Strayer and Johnston, did shadowing or generation tasks increase tracking error?

Answer 17

Shadowing: no
Generation: yes

Question 18

What is the conclusion in Strayer and Johnstons experiments?

Answer 18

Extra cognitive engagement (not just listening) impairs your driving

Question 19

A stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be looking directly at it

Answer 19

inattentional blindness

Question 20

Areas that stand out and capture attention

Answer 20

stimulus salience

Question 21

What type of processing is used in stimulus salience?

Answer 21

Bottom-up process

Question 22

Knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes

Answer 22

scene schema

Question 23

Which type of processing is used in scene schema?

Answer 23

Top-Down

Question 24

Directing attention without moving the eyes

Answer 24

precueing

Question 25

Which object-based visual attention studied reaction time speed on rectangle model?

Answer 25

Egly et al

Question 26

Stages of the Feature Integration Theory (FIT)

Answer 26

object -> preattentive stage (analyze into features) -> focused attention stage (combine features) -> perception

Question 27

Type of processing used during FIT

Answer 27

Mostly bottom-up EXCEPT for when participants are told what they would see (top-down)

Question 28

What is used to detect cortical activity during a search task?

Answer 28

fMRI

Question 29

According to Treisman's "attenuation model" what would have a higher threshold: platypus or fire?

Answer 29

fire

Question 30

A collection of processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using info about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original info is no longer present

Answer 30

memory

Question 31

Modal Model of Memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin

Answer 31

input -> sensory memory -> short-term memory (either output, rehearsal back into short-term)-> or <- long term memory

Question 32

Active processes that can be controlled by the person such as rehearsal

Answer 32

control processes

Question 33

Report where participants are asked to report as many as could be seen (low recall percent)

Answer 33

whole report

Question 34

Report where participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report (high recall percent)

Answer 34

partial report

Question 35

Presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished

Answer 35

delayed partial report

Question 36

Occurs when info learned previously interferes with learning new info

Answer 36

proactive interference

Question 37

Small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

Answer 37

chunking

Question 38

Who trained college students to remember with chunking?

Answer 38

Ericcson et al

Question 39

Who had participants memorize chess pieces on a board?

Answer 39

Chase and Simon

Question 40

Who utilized visual coding to have participants recreated patterns difficult to verbalize?

Answer 40

Della Sala

Question 41

Who utilized semantic coding to give a trial for participants to listen to three words while counting backwards and recall the words?

Answer 41

Wickens et al

Question 42

limited capacity system for temp storage and manipulation of info for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

Answer 42

working memory

Question 43

Difference between STM and WM

Answer 43

STM: single component WM: multiple

Question 44

Three portions of Baddeleys working model

Answer 44

Phonological loop; center: central executive; visuospatial sketch pad

Question 45

What is composed of the phonological loop?

Answer 45

phonological memory store and articulatory sub-vocal rehearsal

Question 46

What were the results of Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanans word length experiment?

Answer 46

Words appear to be coded by temporal duration and not in meaningful units