Quiz 2

Question 1

Cardiac Function is regulated by…

Answer 1

The Autonomic Nervous System

Question 2

ANS controls involuntary functions including..

Answer 2

• Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
• Heart rate and contractility
• Endocrine secretions
• Blood pressure
• Digestion

Question 3

2 main divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

• SNS (sympathetic nervous system)
• PNS (parasympathetic nervous system)

Question 4

SNS is responsible for what response via alpha/beta receptors?

Answer 4

“fight or flight”

Question 5

PNS is responsible for what response via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors?

Answer 5

Puts body back in calm state for “rest and digest”

Question 6

Therapy concerns with Cholinergic drugs

Answer 6

• cardiovascular effects
• syncope ***
• generalized vasodilation
• abdominal pain/ diarrhea
• frequent urination
• bronchoconstriction
• increased secretions
  examples: drugs used to treat urinary retention and insecticide poisoning

Question 7

Drugs that antagonize PNS

Answer 7

Anticholinergics
- compete for ACh binding sites BLOCK PNS ACTIVITY

Question 8

SNS

Answer 8

Fight or flight
encourage norepinephrine or epinephrine release and activate alpha and beta receptors

Question 9

What is epinephrine used for

Answer 9

to treat anaphylactic or cardiogenic shock
activates alpha 1 receptors the most

Question 10

Alpha Agonists

Answer 10

clonidine- agonist at alpha 2 - DECREASES blood pressure

Question 11

Leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

Answer 11

Hypertension
African Americans most affected

Question 12

ACE ( angiotensin converting enzyme)

Answer 12

Primary target of drug class
converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II which is a very potent vasoconstrictor

Question 13

Prostaglandins

Answer 13

Help counteract vasoconstriction in the kidneys

Question 14

Examples of thiazide diuretics ADR’s

Answer 14

dizziness, orthostatic hypotension

Question 15

Examples of loop diuretics ADR’s

Answer 15

low potassium
dehydration

Question 16

Example of potassium- sparing diuretics ADR’s

Answer 16

high potassium

Question 17

Therapeutic concerns with diuretics

Answer 17

orthostatic hypotension

Question 18

What blocks renin release from kidneys?

Answer 18

vasodilation

Question 19

Examples of beta blockers ADR’s

Answer 19

bradycardia (slow heart rate)
dizziness
mask low blood sugar

Question 20

Examples of Alpha 1A ADR’s

Answer 20

orthostatic hypotension

Question 21

Examples of central acting alpha 2 agonists ADR’s

Answer 21

rapid return of HTN and tachycardia with abrupt withdrawal

Question 22

Example of calcium channel blockers ADR’s

Answer 22

bradycardia

Question 23

ACE inhibitors stands for..

Answer 23

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

Question 24

Examples of ACE inhibitor ADR’s

Answer 24

dry cough (primary reason for discontinuation of treatment)

Question 25

Therapeutic concerns for anti - HTN drugs

Answer 25

orthostatic hypotension

Question 26

What should we avoid on patients taking vasodilators

Answer 26

heat therapy

Question 27

Beta blockers, CCB's, vasodilators, and diuretics all do what to exercise capacity?

Answer 27

decrease exercise capacity

Question 28

Pathophysiology of the heart

Answer 28

Low - density lipoprotein (LDL) = "bad" cholesterol thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin - LARGE CLOT

Question 29

For acute heart attacks use what?

Answer 29

sublingual nitroglycerin tablets - almost immediate relief of symptoms

Question 30

Nitrates

Answer 30

keep in ORIGINAL glass container place tablet under tongue and let dissolve 20-30 sec if chest pain is not relieved after 5 minutes after 1st dose call 911

Question 31

Example of Aspirin ADR

Answer 31

bleeding especially in GI tract if not enteric coated

Question 32

High alert medication = Heparin

Answer 32

an error in does can result in death

Question 33

Example of heparin ADR

Answer 33

bleeding ( antidote: protamine sulfate)

Question 34

Enoxaparin (Lovenox)

Answer 34

low molecular weight heparin given subcutaneously

Question 35

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Answer 35

Vitamin k antagonist takes 4-5 days to obtain anticoagulant effect green leafy vegetables can cause significant decrease in INR compliance is HUGE

Question 36

Example of Warfarin ADR

Answer 36

bleeding - can give vitamin k to help reverse bleeding Do not use in pregnancy - crosses placenta and is teratogenic

Question 37

Therapeutic concern with Antithrombotics

Answer 37

BLEEDING caution when working around wounds or dressings

Question 38

Triglycerides

Answer 38

HDL: high density lipoprotein LDL: low density lipoprotein VLDL: very low density lipoprotein

Question 39

TX of Hyperlipidemia STATINS =

Answer 39

Gold standard main action is DECREASING LDL

Question 40

Statin adverse effects

Answer 40

myopathy - muscle pain rhabdomyolysis - muscle breakdown liver function abnormalities

Question 41

Example of Fibrates ADR

Answer 41

increased risk of muscle pain/ myopathy when combined with statins

Question 42

PCSK9 Inhibitor

Answer 42

relatively safe and low incidence of adverse effects most common complaint is muscle pain/weakness

Question 43

Example of Cardiac Glycosides ADR

Answer 43

significant bradycardia with toxic levels

Question 44

Loop Diuretics =

Answer 44

Lose water examples = ide ( furosemide etc.)

Question 45

beta blockers

Answer 45

examples = lol (metoprolol)

Question 46

Alpha blockers

Answer 46

examples = zosin (Prazosin)

Question 47

ACE inhibitors

Answer 47

examples = pril (lisinopril)

Question 48

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)

Answer 48

Examples = sartan (Valsartan)

Question 49

Aspirin mechanism of action

Answer 49

binds irreversibly for the life of the platelet