quiz 2

Question 1

inductive reasoning

Answer 1

derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations

Question 2

deductive reasoning

Answer 2

specific results are derived from general premises

Question 3

qualitative info

Answer 3

observations with senses

Question 4

quantitative info

Answer 4

measured with instruments

Question 5

hypothesis

Answer 5

an explanation to a question

Question 6

theory

Answer 6

summarizes a group of hypotheses

Question 7

scientific law

Answer 7

statement of fact usually as a mathematical formula

Question 8

variable

Answer 8

something that is changed in an experiment

Question 9

constant

Answer 9

something that doesn’t change throughout experiment

Question 10

independent variable

Answer 10

the one factor that is changed by person during experiment

Question 11

dependent variable

Answer 11

the factor which is measured in the experiment

Question 12

control group

Answer 12

group not receiving any experimental treatment

Question 13

positive control group

Answer 13

not exposed to experimental treatment, but is exposed to treatment that produces the same result

Question 14

negative control group

Answer 14

not exposed to experimental treatment what so ever

Question 15

mean formula

Answer 15

add all numbers together, divide by number of numbers

Question 16

mode formula

Answer 16

number repeating most often

Question 17

median formula

Answer 17

line numbers up in numerical order, find middle number in set

Question 18

variability

Answer 18

measure of how spread out your data points are
(measured by range and standard deviation)

Question 19

standard deviation

Answer 19

measure of how spread out the data is from the mean
1 SD- 68%
2 SD- 95%
3 SD- 99%

sd= ((square root)((measured value-mean)^2)/n-1))

Question 20

standard error of the mean

Answer 20

used to determine precision

se mean= sd/(square root) n

Question 21

matter

Answer 21

anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

Question 22

element

Answer 22

substance that CANT be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

Question 23

compound

Answer 23

substance consists of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

Question 24

essential elements

Answer 24

CHONPS

Question 25

trace elements

Answer 25

vital part of human nutrition, but only used in small quantities (iron, copper...)

Question 26

bohr model

Answer 26

shows electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom 1st: 2e 2nd: 8e 3rd: 18e

Question 27

lewis dot diagram

Answer 27

simplified bohr diagram

Question 28

chemical bonds

Answer 28

attractions between two atoms, resulting from the sharing or transferring of valence e

Question 29

electronegativity

Answer 29

measure of the atoms ability to attract electrons to itself

Question 30

covalent bonds

Answer 30

when two or more atoms SHARE electrons (usually between two nonmetals) nonpolar- shared EQUALLY polar- shared UNEQUALLY single bond double bond triple bond

Question 31

ionic bonds

Answer 31

attraction between oppositely charged ions (usually between metal and nonmetal - metal transfers to nonmetal)

Question 32

hydrogen bonds

Answer 32

partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent bond

Question 33

intermolecular bond

Answer 33

bond that forms BETWEEN molecules

Question 34

properties of water

Answer 34

polarity, cohesion, adhesion, capillary action, temp control (high specific heat and evaporative cooling), floating ice, solvent

Question 35

polarity

Answer 35

unequal sharing of the e's make water a polar molecule

Question 36

cohesion

Answer 36

attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind (EX: water is attracted to water, because of H-bonds) allows for transport of water and nutrients against gravity, responsible for surface tension

Question 37

adhesion

Answer 37

clinging of one molecule to a different molecule

Question 38

capillary action

Answer 38

upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension (occurs when adhesion is greater than cohesion)

Question 39

high specific heat

Answer 39

moderates air temp, stabilizes ocean temp, organisms can resist changes in their own internal temp

Question 40

evaporative cooling

Answer 40

water has a high heat of vaporization.

Question 41

importance of evaporative cooling

Answer 41

moderates earths climate, stabilizes temp in lakes and ponds, prevents terrestrial organisms from overheating (sweating, dog panting), prevents leaves from becoming too warm in the sun

Question 42

density

Answer 42

as water solidifies, it expands, and becomes less dense

Question 43

solvent

Answer 43

dissolving agent in solution

Question 44

solution

Answer 44

homogenous mixture of 2+ substances

Question 45

organic chem

Answer 45

study of compounds with covalently bonded carbon

Question 46

organic compound

Answer 46

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

Question 47

hydrocarbons

Answer 47

organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

Question 48

carbon chains

Answer 48

form skeletons of most organic molecules skeletons can vary in -length -branching -position of double bonds -presence of rings

Question 49

functional groups

Answer 49

chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, methyl, phosphate groups)

Question 50

hydroxyl group

Answer 50

-OH

Question 51

carbonyl group

Answer 51

C=O

Question 52

carboxyl group

Answer 52

-COOH O=C-OH

Question 53

amino group

Answer 53

-NH2 H-N-H

Question 54

sulfhydryl group

Answer 54

-SH

Question 55

methyl group

Answer 55

-H-C-H-H (C in middle, H surrounds)

Question 56

phosphate group

Answer 56

-OPO3^2- -O-P=O-O^- -O^- (P in middle, O surrounds)