Quiz 2 Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
What are the dates of the Renaissance?
A
- 1400-1600 CE
2
Q
The Renaissance is the “rebirth” of what?
A
- Greek and Roman culture
3
Q
What is humanism?
A
- The central philosophy associated with the Renaissance
4
Q
How does the philosophy of humanism compare to the Middle Ages?
A
- Values the human experience as opposed to abstract beings and problems of theology
- Didn’t negate Christianity
5
Q
How did humanism arise?
A
- Improvement in the economy allowed for indulgence and enjoyment
- Questioning of the church’s authority
6
Q
How does Renaissance literature compare to Medieval literature?
A
- Medieval literature focused on religion
- e.g., worshipping God (Augustine), proving his existence (Aquinas)
- Renaissance literature focused on human nature and experience (Shakespeare, Chaucer)
- Written for its own inherent value (Petrarch)
- Introduction of (auto)biographies
7
Q
How does Renaissance art compare to Medieval art?
A
- Medieval art was tied to the church
- abstract/symbolic
- Renaissance art was often related to daily life
- realistic - valued the senses to inform the art (humanism)
- Artists put their names (and images) to their works
- e.g., Mona Lisa, David
8
Q
*How does the music of the Renaissance reflect humanist ideals?*
A
- Emphasis on the senses - pleasing consonances (including 3rds and 6ths)
- Less reliance on pre-existing structures
- Reflects the message/emotion of the text
9
Q
Who was John Dunstable?
A
- Musician in the private chapel of the Duke of Bedford
10
Q
What parallels exist between the styles of art and music during the Renaissance?
A
- Both aimed to please the senses through naturally occurring beauty
- Increased focus on contrast and clarity
11
Q
What are the basic principles of counterpoint of the 15th and 16th centuries?
A
- A strong preference for consonances, including 3rds and 6ths
- Dissonances limited to passing tones and suspensions
- Parallel perfect intervals forbidden
- Equal treatment of all voices
12
Q
What characteristics of English music set it apart from music on the Continent in the 13th through early 15th centuries?
A
- contenance angloise (English quality)
- Frequent use of harmonic thirds and sixths, often in parallel motion
- Relatively simple melodies
- Regular phrasing
- Syllabic text-setting
- Homorhythmic textures
13
Q
Who was Johannes Ockeghem?
A
- Highly respected composer and teacher (1410-97)
- Between Dufay and Josquin
14
Q
When did Josquin des Prez live?
A
- 1450-1521
15
Q
How is Josquin’s career typical of a Renaissance composer?
A
- Trained in the north through the church (St. Quentin)
- Worked for courts and churches in the south (Italy)
- Wrote in the international style
- Returned north later in life
- Especially respected for “master works” that demonstrated his genius
16
Q
What are general stylistic features of Josquin’s music?
A
- Consonances
- Clear form
- Various types of textural contrast
- homophonic vs. polyphonic
- number of voices
- Equal treatment of voices
17
Q
How is each section of the music in “Ave Maria” organized texturally?
A
- Sectional constrast
- 1st sect: each voice starts with a piece of the melody and continues on
- 2nd sect: starts with two voices in imitation followed by rhythmic activity in all voices
- 3rd sect: starts with two voices in imitation followed by imitation in all voices
- 4th sect: all voices together with simple rhythmic reduction
- Spare use of all four voices at once
- No complete cadences until the very end
- Points of imitation
18
Q
How many masses did Josquin des Prez write? What types did he write?
A
- 18 masses
- Cantus firmus mass
- Paraphrase mass
- Imitation/parody mass
19
Q
What is a cantus firmus mass?
A
- A polyphonic mass
- Same pre-existent melody used as the foundation for all the movements
- heard in its entirity in one voice
- Genre/process/technique that unified the mass
20
Q
What is the definition of a paraphrase mass?
A
- A polyphonic mass
- Same pre-existent melody used in each movement
- Paraphrased and/or altered in most or all voices
- New material added
21
Q
What pre-existent material was used in “Missa Pangue Lingua” (Josquin, 1515)?
A
- “Pangue Lingua”
- Pre-existent monophonic tune (hymn)
22
Q
How is the pre-existent material used in “Missa Pangue Lingua”?
A
- Present in all voices
- A series of points of imitation
23
Q
What is the definition of an imitation/parody mass?
A
- A polyphonic mass
- Same pre-existent polyphonic tune used in each movement
- Heard in all voices
24
Q
When and what is the Reformation?
A
- Early 16th century
- Criticism of the Catholic Church leading to the formation of new churches
- Tied to wars and other disagreements
25
When did Martin Luther live?
* 1483-1546
26
What were Martin Luther's attitudes toward music?
* Believed in the Doctrine of Ethos
* Advocated the use of all types of music in the Mass
27
How do Martin Luther's attitudes toward music compare to the ideas expressed by the Catholic church?
* The church fathers felt the music must remain focused on the liturgy
* sketicism and fear of danger in music
* Luther believed secular music could be brought into the liturgy
28
How are Martin Luther's religious ideas evident in the music of the German services? (What are features of the German Protestant liturgy?)
* Services could be in German or in Latin
* Congretional participation
* music had to be simplified
29
How does Martin Luther's "Ein feste Burg" and Johann Walther's setting of "Ein feste Burg" demonstrate features of the German Protestant liturgy?
* Repetitive, stepwise motion between the tonic & dominant to be accessible to the congregation
* Walther's setting - melody in the tenor, surrounded by simple polyphone
30
What were Jean Calvin's views on music?
* Condemned much of the music in the Catholic Church
* Felt music led the people astray
* Encouraged congregational participation
* Used monophonic songs setting Bible verse
31
What is the background to the separation with the Catholic Church?
* Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife
* The archbishop refused to annul the marriage
* In response, Henry VIII broke off from the church and formed the Church of England
32
What was the impact on the liturgy of the separation with the Catholic Church?
* Henry VIII: minimal change - new church arose out of divorce, not doctrine
* Edward VI: some changes similar to those in Germany
* Mary: reverted back to Catholic practices
* Elizabeth I: more consistent use of English and congretional participation
33
What are the parts of the worship service in the Church of England?
* Service - comparable to the mass
* Anthem - comparable to motets
34
When did William Byrd live?
* 1543-1623
35
What was the complex religious/political situation for Byrd?
* Catholic composer serving under Protestant rule
* Many restrictions placed on Catholic composers and compositions
36
How does William Byrd's "Sing Joyfully" reflect important features of Byrd's style?
* Less use of textural contrast
* Loose imitation
* Use of thirds in cadences
