Quiz 2

Question 1

Differences in treatment of dead express social distinctions (3)

Answer 1

1. reconstructs sociopolitical structure
2. deathways connected to status of person when alive, but also make social statements
3. burial treatment

Question 2

egalitarian

Answer 2

leadership open to all (achieved status)

Question 3

inegalitarian

Answer 3

leadership base on genealogy (ascribed status)

Question 4

ascribed status bases itself on

Answer 4

genealogy

Question 5

achieved status bases itself on

Answer 5

age and sex

Question 6

Moundville Chiefdom (Alabama) High Status Treatment

Answer 6

1. burial in/ near mound
2. copper
3. vessels
4. cult items
5. gorget

Question 7

Moundville Chiefdom (Alabama) Ascribed vs Achieved Status (2)

Answer 7

1. infants given high status treatment mark ascribed status
2. copper axes mark achieved status (actual rulers)

Question 8

Memorial

Answer 8

for a bunch of people, creating memory of the dead, personal

Question 9

Memorial examples (3)

Answer 9

1. Day of the dead (offerings to deceased, remembering past lives
2. picnic tables in Russia (important occasions celebrated with extended family
3. eastern orthodox tradition (week after easter, hold memorial service to remember the day w/ prayers and food)

Question 10

Commemoration

Answer 10

express actions/ value of the person –> embody values, may have magical/ spirit, center of national ritual

Question 11

Commemoration examples (4)

Answer 11

1. Tomb of unknown soldier (sacrifice)
2. Lincoln Memorial (unity)
3. Tomb of Napoleon (grandness/ of France)
4. Mausoleum of Ataturk (founder of modern Turkey)

Question 12

social memory

Answer 12

what impressions, emotions, memories people take away from funeral

Question 13

American deathways and beautification of death movement

Answer 13

Mid-19th century cultural change in attitudes, ideology, and material culture associated with death

Question 14

American Deathway before (4)

Answer 14

1. Harsh, fact, reality
2. death = time of judgement; living can do nothing but bruy corpse
3. after life = kingdom of God
4. impact pass rapidly

Question 15

American Deathway Now (4)

Answer 15

1. profound emotional experience
2. through remembrance, dead not truly allowed to “depart”
3. domestic paradise, reunite with family in after life
4. prolong funeral mourning

Question 16

Some shifts in Beautification of death (4)

Answer 16

1. graveyard (crowded, gloomy) –> cemetery (serene, visits, leisure)
2. simple headstone –> monument (stylized, emotional, makes mourning the object)
3. coffins –> caskets
4. body in shroud –> formal dress, embalming, cosmetics)

Question 17

Beautification of Death Movement (3)

Answer 17

1. Presentation of dead (displayed in beautiful surroundings)
2. focus deathways on living instead of dead (tombstone: skeleton to mourning; “Here lies” –> “In memory of”)
3. Minimize people’s exposure to death (funeral homes, elderly in homes and hospitals

Question 18

Social Memory and American Deathways (4)

Answer 18

1. Beautification
2. family, funeral attendance reify social network (don’t attend, people shocked)
3. denial of death and creat life-like corpse (at rest)
4. peaceful, serenity, acceptance

Question 19

Tlatico Female burial biographies Social Memory perspective (4)

Answer 19

1. Deathways highlight individuality (graves unique) and social identity
2. burial treatment express house wealth and beautification (sensual social appeal “so young and vibrant, had whole life ahead of her”)
3. burial treatment reflect “effects death had on social relation of survivors)
4. social persona defined through importance to house (death of young woman = loss of social glue)

Question 20

Ancestor worship common in

Answer 20

societies organized by kinships (clans, lineages)

Question 21

Veneration of apical ancestor

Answer 21

worship of person from inherit group, link person to founding ancestor of group

Question 22

Ancestor Worship Characteristics (6)

Answer 22

1. Family includes dead and living
2. ancestors play active roles in society
3. ancestors desire/ require things from living
4. living desire, require things from ancestors (getting good fortune, Ex. children to continue descent line)
5. ritual communication links living to dead
6. concepts of reincarnation

Question 23

Ancestral power (2)

Answer 23

1. intermediaries with gods
2. can punish

Question 24

Ancestor Worship Deathways (3)

Answer 24

1. protracted burial rites
2. tangible reminders (parts) of ancestors
3. worship linked to geographical place; burial created relationship between people and space

Question 25

Japanese Ancestor Worship

Answer 25

1. household altar (butsudari) 2. pots-burial rituals guide deceased to become ancestor (sorei/ hotuke) 3. 49 days to become buddhist spirit, enter realm of dead 4. daily offerings; tea, rice 5. Ie --> household, lineage 6. worshipping ancestors basic Japanese civil code (ie duty) 7. emphasizes genealogical community 8. veneration part of social morality 9. obon ceremony to welcome visits from ancestors (July, August) 10. floating lanterns light way for spiritual return

Question 26

Creating Ancestors in traditional Africa (6)

Answer 26

1. good vs bad death (suicide, witches, childbirth death, execution, some diseases 2. body transformation (edo a nigerian chief dried for 3 years before real burial) 3. burial in seated position (superiority, chiefs and elders) 4. proper grave (narrow tomb acts as making passage to another existence (ancestral one) tombs = uterus, granaries, huts) 5. beautification of the dead 6. social memory (curated skulls, teeth, object; objects used daily are himself; shrines for ancestral memory

Question 27

Feeding ancestors in Koma culture

Answer 27

ancient figurines have cavities in nostrils, ears, mouths, tops of head (food reminants found)

Question 28

Zulu deathways - turning spirits into ancestors (4)

Answer 28

1. death a process 2. rituals, feats, sacrifices propel spirit into realm of ancestors 3. liminality in rites of passage 4. ancestires involved in life of living

Question 29

Zulu death is a process

Answer 29

funeral acts as preperation for deceased person to enter life of the dead

Question 30

Zulu rituals, feats, sacrifice to propel spiirt into realm of ancestors

Answer 30

spirit considered held within body, must be talked through process of entering afterlife, family memebrs will speak with past ancestors to help new spirit complete journey

Question 31

Zulu liminality in rites of passage

Answer 31

funeral attendants invert traditional roles in life as if they were deceased (use left hand, enter house in reverse)

Question 32

Zulu ancestries involved in life of living

Answer 32

retrieval of reconciliation, spirit of deceased fetched from grave and brought home. Zulu people receive visits from ancestor to indicate need to be fed, eating sexual intercourse not done alone

Question 33

Mayan Ancestor Veneration (2)

Answer 33

1. ancestors don't stay ancestors, names are recycled to give soul immortality 2. anectors watch over people (depicted in pictures where rulers are watched over by ancestors)

Question 34

Mayan burials

Answer 34

express family continuity, keep ancestral bones safe, dead share house with living ("genealogy of place")

Question 35

Mayan reunion of bones (3)

Answer 35

1. grave symbolizes living social order 2. dead society parallel living society 3. kinship strong --> collective burial