Quiz 2 Flashcards
packet 2-4
what are nutrient deficiency diseases?
diseases that are prevented, treated, and eradicated by eating certain foods, primary nutrient deficiency diseases are not prevalent (aside from iron deficiency anemia)
what are some diet related diseases that are not cured by a single nutrient or food?
type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and hypertension
what is nutrigenomics?
the study of how nutrients and bioactive components in food influence gene expression, used to personalize diets based on genetic information to improve peoples health
(ex. variants in certain genes may indicate if sodium intake affects blood pressure)
why is measuring dietary intake difficult?
food intake data is largely self-reported and can be biased, food environments change, and food intake data relies on the ability of people to accurately recall what they eat and how much they eat
what are some methods to measure dietary intake?
24-hour recall interviews: to assess what someone ate in the last 24 hours
dietary records: that lists food/beverage intake for limited periods of time
food frequency questionnaires: used to assess habitual dietary intake by listing foods and asking people to record the frequency each food is consumed and the serving size
what is a simple causal relationship?
when factor A causes a change in factor B without being modified by any other factor, relationship is predictable and consistent
what is a complex causal relationship?
when other factors such as age, sex, and genetics influences how factor A changes factor B
what are some common risk factors?
biological: genetics, sex, and age
lifestyle: diet, clinical adiposity, alcohol, smoking/vaping, exercise, and sleep
circumstantial: poverty, social network, isolation, disability/injury, stress, environment
positive vs negative correlation?
positive: values change in same direction
negative: values change in opposite direction
what are epidemiologic studies?
non-experimental, observational studies that assess the frequency/distribution of disease in a population, factors that influence determinants of disease, show association between variables but not causal relationships
prevalence vs incidence?
prevalence: includes all cases (new and existing) in the population per unit of time
incidence: includes only new cases in the population at the specified time
cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies?
cross-sectional: epidemiological studies that collect data from many different individuals at the same time (use random sampling to get a snap shot of what is going on in the population)
longitudinal: epidemiological studies that obtain information by repeatedly sampling the same group of people over time
what does it mean when P value is less than or equal to 0.05?
the probability that the observed difference was due to a random occurrence is less than 5%, the same results would occur 95% of the time if the study were repeated
disease vs syndrome?
disease: a medical condition characterized by established signs and/or symptoms
syndromes: conditions characterized by a cluster of signs (observable by another person)/symptoms(subject to person experiencing it)
communicable vs noncommunicable disease?
communicable: infectious diseases that are contagious, have rapid onset, and distinct symptoms
noncommunicable: not contagious, can be chronic or degenerative, develop slowly over time, asymptomatic, treatable
what are the causes of noncommunicable diseases?
diet-related: under/over nutrition
environmental: autoimmune diseases
congenital: genetic inheritance
neurodegenerative diseases
how do the kidneys and small intestine regulate nutrients?
intestine: increase/decrease nutrient absorption
kidney: increase/decrease nutrient excretion in the urine
diseases/drugs that impact small intestine or kidney function affect nutritional status
primary vs secondary malnutrition?
primary: inadequate (undernutrition) or excessive (overnutrition) dietary intake of nutrient and/or energy intake relative to body’s need
secondary: factors other than diet that create an imbalance between nutrient/energy availability relative to
body’s need, caused by conditions that alter digestion can result in nutrient loss/accumulation
what is hemochromatosis?
inherited condition that impairs regulation of iron absorption, iron is stored in the liver by ferritin protein, ferritin storage is exceeded in hemochromatosis which means iron is deposited in other organs, causing damage
how do autoimmune diseases arise?
autoimmune diseases arise when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to an environmental trigger, triggering the immune system to produce antibodies that attack certain tissues of the body
what is are congenital disorders?
conditions that arise during pregnancy that impact the growth and development of the fetus
what is teratogen?
something that interferes with embryonic development
what are the causes of intrauterine growth restriction?
maternal disease, poor nutrition, inadequate weight gain, placental insufficiency, smoking and drugs
life expectancy vs health span?
life expectancy: the total number of years a person lives
health span: number of years person remains healthy and free from disease is decreasing