Quiz 2

Question 1

Define a conceptual framework

Answer 1

Concept is an image or a symbolic representation of an abstract idea

Presents a theory that explains why the phenomenon being studied exists

Constructed from a review of literature, or developed as part of qualitative research

Question 2

Define a theoretical framework

Answer 2

Theory is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that convey a systematic view of phenomena

Based on a philosophical or theorized belief or understanding of why the phenomenon being studied exists

Question 3

A ___ presents a theory that explains why the phenomenon being studied exists

Answer 3

A conceptual framework

Question 4

Briefly describe the difference between conceptual and operation definitions with the hospital stay/ambulation example

Answer 4

Conceptual is abstract, whereas operational is concrete

Conceptual - time during which a person is a registered patient, measuring ambulation as walking from place to place or moving about

Operational - sum of days as a registered patient, beginning with admission day and concluding with discharge day, measuring ambulation as taking four steps without assistance

Question 5

How do theories differ between quantitative and qualitative research?

Answer 5

Quantitative - tests a theory, two competing theories, or a theory-based intervention
- it focuses on an organizing structure and may fit the problem into the theory after research is concluded

Qualitative - focuses on theories that conceptualize the target phenomenon (i.e., grounded theory, ethnography/cultural theories, theory of human experience)

Question 6

For a problem to be researchable, it must be one that ?

Answer 6

That can be studied through data collection and analysis

Question 7

The findings of a research problem should? (5) What if it does not meet these criteria?

Answer 7

1. Benefit stakeholders
2. Apply to practice, education, or administration
3. Extend or support current theory
4. Generate new theory
5. Support current practice or provide evidence for changing practice

If it does NOT meet most of these criteria, modify or abandon the research problem!

Question 8

How would a problem statement be structured in quantitative? (4)

Answer 8

1. Identify key study variables
2. Identify possible relationships among variables
3. Indicate the problem of interest
4. Suggest nature of the inquiry (i.e., to test, compare, evaluate)

Question 9

How would a problem statement be structured in quantitative? (4)

Answer 9

1. Identify central phenomenon
2. Indicate the research tradition
   i.e. grounded theory, ethnography, etc.
3. Indicate the group, community, or setting of interest
4. Suggest the nature of the inquiry (i.e., to describe, discover, explore)

Question 10

How are research questions created for quantitative and qualitative studies?

Answer 10

Quantitative - pose queries about relationships among variables

Qualitative - link the queries to the research tradition

Question 11

What three questions can be posed to critique a research question?

Answer 11

1. Does the question express a relationship between variables?
2. Does the question specify the nature of the population being studied?
3. Does the question imply the possibility of empirical testing?

Question 12

What type of reasoning does quantitative and qualitative research use?

Answer 12

Quantitative - Deductive (Taking something general and specifying it)

Qualitative - Inductive (Taking something specific and generalizing it)

Question 13

Does qualitative study measure or describe data?

Answer 13

Purely describes, but does not measure attributes, characteristics, or properties

Question 14

How do quantitative and qualitative designs differ on connections in data?

Answer 14

Quantitative - variables are connected by a relationship (i.e., cause and effect, functional/associative)

Qualitative - Patterns of association that help the researcher to understand the underlying meaning and multiple dimensions of the phenomena of interest

Question 15

What two concepts fall under quantitative research to measure evidence quality?

Answer 15

1. Reliability - accuracy of the obtained information
2. Validity - soundness of the evidence

Question 16

What four concepts fall under qualitative research to measure evidence quality? What general concept do they all fall under?

Answer 16

All under trustworthiness

1. Credibility - truth value of the data
2. Confirmability - objectivity and potential for similar findings to be obtained by someone else
3. Dependability - stability of data over time and conditions
4. Transferability - extent to which the findings can be applied in other settings or groups

Question 17

When discussing results, what question do we pose about quantitative and qualitative research?

Answer 17

Quantitative - are the results generalizable?

Qualitative - are the results transferable? (applicable to other settings or groups)

Question 18

What are the five different variables used in research?

Answer 18

1. Independent / Dependent
2. Continuous / Discrete
3. Categorical / Dichotomous
4. Extraneous / Confounding
5. Demographic

Question 19

Do hypotheses guide qualitative or quantitative studies?

Answer 19

Quantitative ONLY

Question 20

What four parts must be included when wording a hypothesis?

Answer 20

1. Variables to be tested
2. Population to be studied
3. Design to be used
4. Outcomes predicted

Question 21

What does ethical research in Indigenous communities require?

Answer 21

an ongoing investment and commitment in relationships and to the community

Question 22

Define ethical dilemma in research

Answer 22

A situation in which the rights of study participants are in conflict with the requirements for a rigorous study.

Question 23

List the 8 ethical principles from the Tri-Council policy statement

Answer 23

1. Respect for human dignity
2. Respect for free and informed consent
3. Respect for vulnerable persons
4. Respect for privacy and confidentiality
5. Respect for justice and inclusiveness
6. Balancing harms and benefits
7. Minimizing harm
8. Maximizing benefit

Question 24

What are the 3 means by which the principle of concern of welfare is put into effect?

Answer 24

Balancing harms and benefits, Minimizing harm, Maximizing benefit

Question 25

List the five human rights in research and three ethical principles

Answer 25

Human rights - 1. Self-determination 2. Privacy and dignity 3. Anonymity and confidentiality 4. Fair treatment 5. Protection from discomfort and harm Ethical - 1. Respect for persons 2. Beneficence 3. Justice

Question 26

How does respect for persons manifest in research practice? Give two examples

Answer 26

Allow choice and autonomy Informed consent, respect for privacy

Question 27

How does beneficence manifest in research practice? Give three examples

Answer 27

Do no harm, prevent harm, prevent evil, and promote good Sound research design, competent investigators, positive risk/benefit ratio

Question 28

How does justice manifest in research practice? Give one example

Answer 28

Treat people fairly and share burdens/benefits of research Equitable selection of participants

Question 29

What is the difference between privacy and confidentiality?

Answer 29

Privacy - applies to the person - Such as identification for participation, manner of contact, who is present during research, methods of collecting information Confidentiality - applies to the data - An extension of privacy and pertains to identifiable data, maintenance/storage/handling of data, who can access identifiable data, procedures to protect patients from inappropriate disclosure

Question 30

List the 5 phases of quantitative studies

Answer 30

1. Conceptual 2. Design & planning 3. Empirical 4. Analytical 5. Dissemination

Question 31

List the 5 things that occur in phase 1: conceptual

Answer 31

1. Formulate the problem 2. Review related literature 3. Undertake clinical fieldwork 4. Define framework and develop conceptual definitions 5. Formulate hypothesis

Question 32

List the 7 things that occur in phase 2: design & planning

Answer 32

1. Select research design 2. Develop intervention protocols 3. Identify the population 4. Design the sampling plan 5. Specify methods to measure variables and collect data 6. Develop methods to protect human/animal rights 7. Finalize research plan

Question 33

List the 2 things that occur in phase 3: empirical

Answer 33

1. Collect the data 2. Prepare data for analysis

Question 34

List the 2 things that occur in phase 4: analytical

Answer 34

1. Analyze the data 2. Interpret the results

Question 35

List the 2 things that occur in phase 5: dissemination

Answer 35

1. Communicate the findings (i.e. presentations, publications) 2. Utilize findings in practice

Question 36

Define a hypothesis

Answer 36

They predict the relationships that exist between or among at least 2 variables

Question 37

Review types of hypotheses (simple, complex, directional, non-directional, research, and null)

Answer 37

See textbook

Question 38

What type of research study has the most control and least control?

Answer 38

Most - systematic review, meta-analysis, and evidence based guideline Least - Opinion of authorities, expert committee report

Question 39

Describe an experimental quantitative design (characteristics and issues to consider)

Answer 39

Typically involve a question about the relationship between two events: an intervention (manipulation) and an outcome Characteristics - control, intervention, and randomization Look for cause and effect, correlations Issues to consider - can the variables be manipulated, is it ethical to not treat one group, feasibility, and Hawthorne effect

Question 40

Define the Hawthorne effect

Answer 40

The Hawthorne effect is the modification of behavior by study participants in response to their knowledge that they are being observed or singled out for special treatment. In the simplest terms, the Hawthorne effect is increasing output in response to being watched.

Question 41

What is the most frequently used quantitative design?

Answer 41

Quasi-experimental

Question 42

Describe a quasi-experimental design

Answer 42

Independent variable is manipulated NO randomization of subjects and no control group used More practical than experimental

Question 43

What is the strongest and weakest type of quantitative design?

Answer 43

Strongest - Experimental Weakest - Descriptive

Question 44

Describe a non-experimental quantitative design

Answer 44

There is no manipulation, randomization, or intervention of variables Purely observational and descriptive design that examines the characteristics of just one sample population Used for theory development, practice problems, rationale for current practice or clinical decision making based on what others are doing

Question 45

What are 5 examples of non-experimental designs?

Answer 45

1. Comparative 2. Time dimensional 3. Cross-sectional 4. Trends and events 5. Correlational

Question 46

Define external validity

Answer 46

the degree to which the results of a study can be applied to other people, situations, or times

Question 47

Define internal validity

Answer 47

How confident are you that the treatment is what caused the observed effects (and not something else that was going on)? the extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying and, thus, are not due to methodological errors.

Question 48

List the 7 threats to internal validity

Answer 48

1. History 2. Maturation 3. Testing 4. Instrumentation 5. Selection bias 6. Attrition or mortality 7. Interaction of selection and maturation

Question 49

Define history and maturation threats to internal validity

Answer 49

History = An event occurs unrelated to the intervention during the study period Maturation = Systematic changes occur naturally among the study population due to the passage of time

Question 50

Define testing and instrumentation threats to internal validity

Answer 50

Testing = An effect among study participants due to the application of a test, interview, or some other measurement technique Instrumentation = Changes in the calibration of a measuring instrument or changes in the observers used, may produce changes in the obtained measurements

Question 51

Define selection bias and attrition/mortality threats to internal validity

Answer 51

Selection Bias = Biases resulting in selection of respondents Attrition or Mortality = Differential loss of respondents from a study

Question 52

List the 4 threats to external validity

Answer 52

1. Interaction of testing and X = testing-treatment interaction 2. Interaction of Selection and X = selection-treatment interaction 3. Reactive arrangements = reactive effects or situational effects 4. Multiple-X Interference = multiple treatment effects

Question 53

Define Interaction of testing and X = testing-treatment interaction AND Interaction of Selection and X = selection-treatment interaction threats to external validity

Answer 53

Interaction of Testing and X = testing-treatment interaction: A pretest might increase/decrease the respondent’s sensitivity or responsiveness to the experimental variable, making the results obtained for a pretested population unrepresentative for the unpretested universe from which the respondents were selected Interaction of Selection and X = selection-treatment interaction: The outcomes are relevant only to populations from which study groups were selected

Question 54

Define Reactive Arrangements = reactive effects or situational effects AND Multiple-X Interference = multiple treatment effects threats to external validity

Answer 54

Reactive Arrangements = reactive effects or situational effects: Multiple factors may be associated with the study itself that affect outcome (e.g., “Hawthorne” effect) Multiple-X Interference = multiple treatment effects: this is likely to occur whenever multiple treatments are applied to the same respondents, because the effects of prior treatments are not usually erasable.