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Quiz 2 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

what type of current does iontophoresis utilize

A

direct current utilizing coulmbs law

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2
Q

what type of medications are typically used in iontophoresis

A

antianalgesics and anti inflammatory

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3
Q

what are cations

A

positivly charged IONS

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4
Q

what is the cathode

A

negatively charged POLE

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5
Q

what are anions

A

negatively charged IONS

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6
Q

what are anodes

A

positively charged POLE

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7
Q

electrolytes

A

substance that when placed in water gives solution that can conduct electricity

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8
Q

hydrolysis

A

the breakdown of water into OH - and H+

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9
Q

pH more then 7

A

basic (more OH)

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10
Q

pH less then 7

A

acidic (more H+)

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11
Q

what does the pH measure

A

the potential for hydrogen

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12
Q

what does the anode repeal

A

positive ions

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13
Q

what does the cathode repeal

A

negative ions

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14
Q

what is the formula for current density

A

current amount (mA)/electrode surface area

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15
Q

what is the ionic profile for Ionphoresis

A

1) ions must be charged
2) small in size (<8000)
3) must be a solution (no creams)

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16
Q

cautions with DC - negative pole (cathode)

A
  • alkaline reactions/burns
  • depolarization
  • proteolysis (tissue softening)
  • bacteriostatic
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17
Q

cautions with DC- positive pole (red anode)

A
  • acidic reaction
  • hyperpolarization
  • proteoscleriosis (tissue hardening)
  • increase in healing
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18
Q

what is current amplitude influenced by

A

1) pt tolerance
2) polarity of the active electrode
3) size of the active electrode
4) duration of treatment

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19
Q

cathode current should not exceed

A

0.5 mA/cm2

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20
Q

anode current should not exceed

A

1 mA/cm2

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21
Q

what is buffering

A

substance that controls for changes in pH needed for iontophoresis

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22
Q

indications for iontophoresis

A

1) superficial locations
2) inflammation
3) scaring
4) Ca2+ deposits
5) myositis ossifications
6) antifungal, wound healing, infected wounds
7) trigger points

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23
Q

Contraindications for iontophoresis

A

1) cancer
2) pregnancy
3) pacemakers
4) implanted electrical devices
5) skin irritation from previous treatment

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24
Q

charge of corticosteriods/ dexamethasone

A

negative

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25
charge of acetic acid
negative
26
charge of sodium chloride and Potassium iodine
negative; used to mobilize scar tissue
27
charge of lidocane
positive
28
charge of salcylate
negative used for inflammation
29
charge of lithium
positive; demineralizing in gout
30
charge of zinc oxide
positive; used for wound healing
31
charge of Hyperhidrosis
negative followed by positive; used for excessive sweating
32
what is the frequency of ultrasound
greater then 20,000 Hz
33
what is the piezoelectric effect
the ability for materals (crystals to generate an electric potential in reponse to applied mechanical stress
34
what is the converse piezoelectric effect
the production of stress and or strain when an electric field is applied
35
another name for the nearfield
Fresnel Zone
36
another name for the far field
Fraunhofer zone
37
absorption
conversion of the mechanical energy of an ultrasonic wave to heat.
38
what is absorption directly proportional to
frequency, higher for tissues with more collgan
39
reflection
return of energy (typically 35%) ; the higher the reflexion the higher the impedance
40
refraction
redirection of energy at interface; slight bending
41
attenuation
absorption+scattering(reflection and refraction)
42
what is attenuation directly proportional to
frequency
43
what type of tissue responds best to US
tissue with high content of collagen
44
repeated scattering
the idea that the deeper the object the less heat because of energy lost on the way secondary to scattering.
45
why is ultrasound not good for muscles
too much water content, decreased absorption coefficent, often too big and too deep
46
what is the average half life depth at 3 MHz
2.5 cm
47
what is the average half life depth at 1 MHz
4.0 cm
48
relationship between quality and depth of US
inversely related secondary to half life depth and repeated scattering
49
non thermal effects of US
1) cavitation 2) acoustic streaming 3) microstreaming 4) standing waves
50
cavitation
sonically generated activity of gas or vapor filled bubbles
51
acoustic streaming
the steady circular flow of cellular fluids induced by ultrasound
52
mircostreaming
takes place near any small vibrating object such as gas bubbles that are auscultating
53
standing wave
max and min intensities at fixed positions half a wavelength apart.
54
power
energy/time (watts)
55
intensity
power/area (W/cm2)
56
frequency
cycles/sec (Hz)
57
spatial average
average intensity/area of the transducer
58
spatial peak
peak intensity of US output/area of the transducer (center more then periphery)
59
ERA (effective radiating area)
area of the crystal from which US waves radiate
60
BNR (beam nonuniformity ratio)
the ratio of the set intensity to the max peak intensity (2:1 or 3:1 is usually most appropriate)
61
what is the temperature range for thermal effect of US
40-45 c for 5 mins
62
what are the healing effects of US on the body
1) increase metabolic waste 2) vasodilation 3) increase extensibility 4) decreased sensitivity of neuronal elements
63
what is the goal with US on wounds and ulcers
wound contraction and protein synthesis
64
what is the clinical setting for US on wounds
pulsed at low doses (3 MHz)
65
what is the goal of US on tendon healing
strengthening
66
US setting for tendon healing
0.5 -1 W/cm2
67
what is the goal for US on bone healing
piezoelectric effect osteogenic effects of non-thermal
68
US setting for bone healing
low dose first 2 weeks of healing
69
what are some things that will impact absorbtion
1) blood (cools the tissue) 2) increased temp at bone-tissue interface where reflection is the greatest 3) convection cooling 4) conduction heating
70
what are the settings for phonophoresis
increased frequency and pulsed
71
what are the contraindications/precausions for phonophoresis
prego and nursing
72
side effects for phonophoresis
1) thick skin 2) poor wound healing 3) vessel fragility 4) acne 5) alopecia 6) oral thrush 7) bone and muscle wasting 8) eye problems
73
what are the 3 ways to get through skin with phonophoresis
1) stratum corneum 2) trans follicular 3) through sweat gland
74
indication for hydrocortison (phonophoresis)
anti-inflam
75
indication for litocane/ xyclocaine (phonophoresis)
acute pain
76
indication for methyle and salicylate (phonophoresis)
chronic painful MS disorders
77
indication for zinc oxide and siloderm (phonophoresis)
open wounds
78
indication for Iodine (phonophoresis)
adhesion, calcification and adhesive capsulitis
79
what does it mean when the pt reports of feeling nothing with phono
frequency is too low
80
what does it mean when the pt reports of feeling a deep ache with phono
too high frequency
81
what does EMGBF measure
the function of the sarcolemma
82
usages for biofeedback
1) arthritis 2) LBP 3) post op 4) CVA and CP 5) pelvic floor dysfunction
83
what is the amplitude of the biofeedback indicuative of
the size and number of motor neuron units firing (more linear with an isometric contraction)
84
PT considerations/indications for EMGBF
1) good motivation 2) good cognition and orientation 3) at least a 1 MMT 4) adequate vision and hearing
85
sensitivity of EMG
the lower the settings the more sensitive (ex 0-1 is the lowest and most sensitive)
86
spacing for biofeedback
the closer the electrodes are to each other the more specific they are (1-2 cm is the most appropriate)
87
threshold detector
provides an on signal that is activated once a particular level of contraction or relaxation is reached
88
purpose of ground conduction
helps determine that the appropriate measure of activity to being recorded and minimizes cross talking
89
good conduction of EMGBF needs
1) gel for mediam 2) good skin prep 3) placed parallel to the muscle fibers
90
ABV
above threshold used to relax
91
BLE
below threshold used to contract
92
ALM/OFF
have to go above threshold and hold for at least 4 seconds for alarm to go off
93
LOCK/OFF
once triggered will have to reset the alarm (one and done)

electrode (3 decks)

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