quiz 2 Flashcards
Latent Inhibition Perceptual learning, Discrimination learning Generalisation Learning and attention Contingency Learning & Causal reasoning (34 cards)
What is the definition of Latent Inhibition (LI)?
Exposure to CS without US leads to impaired later learning about CS-US association on the same stimulus.
Definition by Lubow & Moore
How does RWM explain Latent Inhibition?
RWM does not explain LI; it predicts no change in associative strength despite learning occurring in LI.
RWM stands for Rescorla-Wagner Model
What is the difference between Latent Inhibition and Extinction?
LI involves pre-exposure to CS only, while extinction involves pre-exposure to CS-US.
Both processes compete for memory retrieval.
What does the Consistent Group’s results indicate in LI context specificity experiments?
Pre-exposure to CS1 in context A impairs subsequent learning when CS1 is paired with US in context C.
This shows context specificity of LI.
What happens to Latent Inhibition over time according to Westbrook et al. (2000)?
Latent Inhibition weakens over time; longer intervals between pre-exposure and testing lead to stronger conditioned responses.
Indicates that CS-no consequence association fades over time.
What is Conditioned Inhibition (CI)?
CI occurs when a CS predicts the absence of the US, inhibiting the conditioned response.
Both LI and CI pass the retardation test.
How does Latent Inhibition relate to schizophrenia?
LI is weaker in people with schizophrenia, linking reduced LI to positive symptoms like delusions.
This suggests difficulties in filtering out irrelevant stimuli.
What occurs in perceptual learning of flavour according to Mackintosh et al. (1991)?
Pre-exposure to similar solutions affects aversion generalization from AX to BX.
X receives more exposure, losing salience faster.
What defines discrimination learning?
Discrimination learning is behaving differently to stimuli that predict different outcomes or require different responses.
It involves recognizing differences between stimuli.
What are the factors that affect the rate of discrimination learning?
- Similarity between discriminative stimuli (S+/S-)
- Prior exposure to Sd
- Salience and valence of consequences
- Contingencies that differentiate S
Yerkes-Dodson law applies to salience and valence.
What is stimulus generalisation?
Stimulus generalisation occurs when novel stimuli elicit a conditioned response despite not being directly paired with a US.
Learning can spread to similar stimuli.
What is the peak shift effect in generalisation?
The peak shift effect occurs when the peak of the generalisation gradient shifts away from the CS- towards an exaggerated CS.
It minimizes misidentification of important outcomes.
What is the learned predictiveness principle?
The learned predictiveness principle states that selective attention in learning is based on the past utility of cues.
Informative stimuli gain attention when they predict meaningful outcomes.
What is blocking in the context of learning?
Blocking is when prior learning about one stimulus prevents the learning about another stimulus when both are presented together.
RWM considers blocking a learning deficit.
What distinguishes intradimensional from extradimensional shifts?
Intradimensional shifts occur within the same dimension, while extradimensional shifts occur across different dimensions.
Both types of shifts affect learning and attention.
What is the role of attention in discrimination learning according to Sutherland & Mackintosh (1971)?
Attention influences discrimination learning; features compete for selection, and attention reinforces specific properties.
Attention and learning have a bidirectional relationship.
What is the significance of the learned irrelevance effect?
The learned irrelevance effect indicates that irrelevant stimuli can hinder future learning when they become relevant.
This contradicts the Mackintosh model.
What is the concept of contingency learning?
Contingency learning involves inferring causation from the observation of outcomes and their relationship to stimuli.
It is tied to causal reasoning.
What is the importance of statistical models in contingency judgment?
Statistical models help estimate the relationship between cues and outcomes, influencing participants’ judgments.
ΔP represents the participants’ judgment of contingency.
What is backward blocking?
Backward blocking occurs when exposure to a compound cue paired with an outcome reduces the associative strength of one of the cues when tested alone.
It demonstrates how prior associations can influence current learning.
What is causal learning?
The process of learning associations between causes and effects in the environment.
Causal learning involves understanding how different variables influence outcomes.
What does Associationism suggest about animals?
Animals are adaptive to any causal structure in the environment.
This implies that animals learn and adjust their behavior based on causal relationships.
How does the degree of association influence judgment?
The degree of association brought to mind equals the amount of info used in our judgement.
This highlights the cognitive process behind making causal judgments.
What role does associative memory play in causal judgments?
Associative memory contributes to causal judgements.
There is evidence of similar phenomena in causal learning and conditioning.
