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Political Science 2051 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Core Beliefs (political)

A

individuals’ views about the fundamental nature of human beings, society, the economy, and the role of government; taken together, they comprise the political culture

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2
Q

Political attitudes

A

individuals’ views and preferences about public policies, political parties, candidates, government institutions, and public officials

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3
Q

public opinion

A

the aggregated political attitudes of ordinary people as revealed by surveys

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4
Q

simple survey

A

an interview study asking questions of a set of people whoa re chosen as representative of the whole population

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5
Q

random sampling

A

the selection of survey respondents by chance, with equal probability of being selected, to ensure their representatives of the whole population

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6
Q

political socialization

A

the process by which individuals come to have certain core beliefs and political attitudes

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7
Q

agents of socialization

A

those institutions and individuals that shape the core beliefs and attitudes of people

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8
Q

political ideology

A

a system of interrelated and coherently organized political beliefs and attitudes

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9
Q

collective public opinion

A

the political attitudes of the public as a whole, expressed as averages, percentages, or other summaries of many individuals’ opinions

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10
Q

rational public

A

the notion that collective public opinion is rational in the sense that it is generally stable and consistent and that when it changes it does so as an understandable response to events, to changing circumstances, and to new information

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11
Q

presidential job approval rating

A

a president’s standing with the public, indicated by the percentage of Americans who tell survey interviewers that they approve a president’s “handling of his job”.

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12
Q

economic conservatives

A

people who favor private enterprise and oppose government regulation on business

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13
Q

economic liberals

A

people who favor government regulation of business to protect the public from harm, and government spending for social programs

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14
Q

social (lifestyle) liberals

A

people who favor civil liberties, abortion rights, and alternative lifestyles

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15
Q

social (lifestyle) conservatives

A

people who favor traditional social values; they tend to support strong law-and-order measures and oppose abortion and gay rights

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16
Q

policy preferences

A

citizens’ ideas about what policies they want government to pursue

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17
Q

isolationism

A

the policy of avoiding undue involvement in the affairs of other countries and multilateral institutions

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18
Q

unilateralist

A

the stance toward foreign policy that suggests that the United States should “go it alone”, pursuing its national interests without seeking the cooperation of other nations or multilateral institutions

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19
Q

multilateralist

A

the stance toward foreign policy which suggests that the United States should seek the cooperation of other nations and multilateral institutions in pursuing its goals

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20
Q

watchdog

A

the role of the media in scrutinizing the actions of government officials

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21
Q

podcasts

A

digital audio and video files made readily available to interested people via computers and portable devices

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22
Q

wire services

A

organizations such as the Associated Press and Reuters that gather and disseminate news to other news organizations

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23
Q

media monopoly

A

term used to suggest that media corporations are so large, powerful, and interconnected that the less economically and politically powerful cannot have their views aired

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24
Q

infotainment

A

the merging of hard news and entertainment in news presentations

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25
beat
the assigned location where a reporter regularly gathers news stories
26
leak
inside or secret information given to a journalist or media outlet by a government official
27
news management
the attempt by those in political power to put the presentation of news about them and their policies in a favorable light
28
spin
the attempt by public officials to have a story reported in terms that favor them and their policies; see news management
29
newsworthy
worth printing or broadcasting as news, according to editors' judgments
30
objective journalism
news reported with no evaluative language and with opinions quoted or attributed to a specific source
31
pundits
somewhat derisive term for print, broadcast, and radio commentators on the political news
32
bias
deviation from ideal standards such as representativeness or objectivity
33
agenda setting
influencing people's opinions about what is important
34
framing
providing a context for interpretation
35
interest groups
a private organization or voluntary association that seeks to influence public policy as a way to protect or advance its interests
36
factions
Madison's term for groups or parties that try to advance their own interests at the expense of the public good
37
pluralism
the political science position that American democracy is best understood in terms of the interaction, conflict, and bargaining of groups
38
private interests
an interest group that seeks to protect or advance the material interests of its members
39
public interests
an interest group that works to gain protections or benefits for society at large
40
lobbying
effort by an interest or advocacy group to influence the behavior of a public official
41
advocacy group
an interest group organized to support a cause or ideology
42
lobbyists
a person who attempts to influence the behavior of public officials on behalf of an interest group
43
disturbance theory
a theory positing that interest groups originate with changes in the economic, social, or political environment that threaten the well-being of some segment of the population
44
earmaking
practice of appropriating money for specific pet projects of members of Congress, usually done at the behest of lobbyists, and added to bills at the last minute with little opportunity for deliberation
45
amicus curiae
Latin for "friend of the court"; a legal brief in which individuals not party to a suit may have their views heard in court
46
grassroots lobbying
the effort by interest groups to mobilize local constituencies, shape public opinion to support the group's goals, and bring that pressure to bear on elected officials
47
political action committees (PACs)
an entity created by an interest group whose purpose is to collect money and make contributions to candidates in federal elections
48
iron triangles
an enduring alliance of common interest among an interest group , a congressional committee, and a bureaucratic agency
49
sub-governments
another name for an iron triangle
50
issue networks
broad coalitions of public and private interest groups, policy experts, and public officials that form around particular policy issues; said to be more visible to the public and more inclusive
51
revolving door
the common practice in which former government officials become lobbyists for interests with whom they formerly dealt in their official capacity
52
partisan
a committed supporter of a political party; also, seeing issues from the point of view of a single party
53
political party
an organization that tries to win control of government by electing people to office who carry the party label
54
party platform
a party's statement of its positions on the issues of the day passed at the quadrennial national convention
55
two-party system
a political system in which two parties vie on relatively equal terms to win national elections and in which each party governs at one time or another
56
multiparty system
a political system in which three or more viable parties compete to lead the government; because a majority winner is not always possible, multiparty systems often have coalition governments where governing power is shared among two or more parties
57
proportional representation
the awarding of legislative seats to political parties to reflect the proportion of the popular vote each party receives
58
realignment
the process by which one party supplants another as the dominant party in a two-party political system
59
New Deal
the programs of the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt
60
New Deal coalition
the informal electoral alliance of working-class ethnic groups, Catholics, Jews, urban dwellers, racial minorities, and the South that was the basis of the Democratic party dominance of American politics from the New Deal to the early 1970s
61
divided government
control of the executive and legislative branches by different political parties
62
dealignment
a gradual reduction in the dominance of one political party without another party supplanting it
63
party identification
the sense of belonging to on or another political party
64
liberal
the political position, combining both economic an social dimension, that holds that the federal government has a substantial role to play in providing economic justice and opportunity, regulating business in the public interest, overcoming racial discrimination, protecting abortion rights, and ensuring the equal treatment of gays and lesbians
65
conservative
the political position, combining both economic and social dimensions, that holds that the federal government ought to lay a very small role in economic regulation, social welfare, and overcoming racial inequality, that abortion should be illegal, and that family values and law and order should guide public policies
66
unified government
control of the executive and legislative branches by the same political party
67
gridlock
a situation in which things cannot get done in Washington, usually because of divided government
68
responsible party
the notion that a political party will take clear and distinct stands on the issues and enact them as policy once elected into government
69
prospective voting model
a theory of democratic elections in which voters decide what government will do in the near future by choosing one or another responsible party
70
electoral competition model
a form of election in which parties seeking votes move toward the median voter or the center of the political spectrum
71
median voter
the voter at the exact middle of the political issue spectrum
72
electoral reward and punishment
the tendency to vote for incumbents when times are good and against them when times are bad; same as retrospective voting
73
retrospective voting
a form of election in which voters look back at the performance of a party in power and cast ballots on the basis of how well it did in office
74
provisional ballot
a vote that is cast but not counted until determination is made that the voter is properly registered
75
franchise
the legal right to vote
76
suffrage
the legal right to vote
77
Electoral College
representatives selected in each other the states, their numbers based on each state's total number of its senators and representatives; a majority of Electoral College votes elects the president
78
referenda
procedures available in some states by which state laws or constitutional amendments proposed by the legislature submitted to the voters for approval or rejection
79
initiatives
procedures available in some states for citizens to put proposed laws and constitutional amendments on the ballot for voter approval or rejection
80
superdelegates
elected officials from all levels of government who are appointed by party committees to be delegates to the national convention of the Democratic Party; not selected in primary elections or caucuses
81
electors
representatives who are elected in the states to formally choose the US president
82
plurality
more votes than any other candidate but less than a majority of all votes cast

Political Science 2051 (2 decks)

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