Quiz 2

Question 0

True breeding

Answer 0

An organism that produces offspring identical in appearance to itself, generation after generation

Question 1

Trait

Answer 1

A specific characteristic exhibited by an organism

Question 2

Cross fertilization

Answer 2

The fertilization of a female gamete from one organism with the male gamete of another

Question 3

Parent generation

Answer 3

Organisms that are initially crossed an usually true breeding

Question 4

First filial generation

Answer 4

The offspring of a cross of P Generation

Question 5

Second filial generation

Answer 5

The offspring of a cross between the F1 generation

Question 6

Hybrid

Answer 6

Offspring that result from crossing 2 true breeding varieties of the same species

Question 7

Monohybrid

Answer 7

The offspring produces from parents that differ in just 1 trait

Question 8

Monohybrid cross

Answer 8

A cross of 2 individuals that differ by just 1 trait

Question 9

Allele

Answer 9

A specific form of a gene

Question 10

Dominant

Answer 10

A form of a trait that always appears when an individual has an allele for it (Y)

Question 11

Recessive

Answer 11

The form of a trait that only appears when an individual has 2 alleles for it (y).

Question 12

Homozygous

Answer 12

Having 2 identical alleles for a trait (YY or yy)

Question 13

Heterozygous

Answer 13

Having 2 different alleles for a trait. Dominant allele over powers recessive allele. (Yy)

Question 14

Genotype

Answer 14

The combination of alleles for any given trait or the genetic makeup for an organism

Question 15

Phenotype

Answer 15

The physical traits of an organism

Question 16

Punnett square

Answer 16

A grid used to illustrate all possible genotype a and phenotype a of offspring from genetic crosses. Developed by Reginald Punnett.

Question 17

Test cross

Answer 17

A cross between a parent of an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive parent

Question 18

Dihybrid

Answer 18

The offspring produced from parents that differ in 2 traits

Question 19

Dihybrid cross

Answer 19

The cross of 2 individuals that differ in 2 traits due to 2 different genes

Question 20

The law of segregation

Answer 20

Mendel’s first law: traits are determined by pairs of alleles that separate during meiosis so that each gamete receives one allele

Question 21

The form of a trait expressed in the offspring depends on what?

Answer 21

Depends on whether dominant or recessive alleles are inherited

Question 22

Mendel’s 2nd Law

Answer 22

The law of independent assortment. States that if genes are located on separate chromosomes, they will be inherited independently of one another.

Question 23

Pedigree

Answer 23

A type of flowchart that uses symbols to show inheritance patterns of traits in a family over many generations. Used to show how traits, controlled by a single gene or multiple genes, run through a family. Useful for predicting diseases within a family line.

Question 24

Incomplete dominance

Answer 24

A situation where neither allele dominant a each other and both have an influence on the individual, resulting in a blending of the traits; called partial expression

Question 25

Codominance

Answer 25

A situation where both alleles are expressed fully to produce offspring with a third phenotype

Question 26

What are the 4 blood types?

Answer 26

A, B, AB, O

Question 27

What are the genotypes for blood types?

Answer 27

A) I^AI^A or I^Ai B) I^BI^B or I^Bi AB) I^AI^B O) ii

Question 28

What blood types are dominant/recessive and which ones are co dominant?

Answer 28

AB is codominant and the rest are dominant/ recessive

Question 29

What are the 3 possible alleles for the blood type gene?

Answer 29

I^A, I^B, and i

Question 30

Linked genes

Answer 30

The genes that cause traits to be inherited together. They are found on the same chromosome and do not sort independently (an exception to Mendel's 2nd law)

Question 31

How can unlinking in occur?

Answer 31

If crossing over occurs during gamete formation

Question 32

Sex-linked gene

Answer 32

Any gene located on the X or Y chromosome (sex chromosome). For humans, most sex-linked genes are found on the X chromosome since it's much larger than the Y's.

Question 33

Sex-linked traits

Answer 33

Traits controlled by X-linked and Y-linked genes. Many sex-linked traits are also genetic disorders. Ex) red-green colour blindness

Question 34

Genome

Answer 34

The sequence of DNA for all the chromosomes of an organism.

Question 35

How many base pairs are there in the human genome?

Answer 35

3 billion

Question 36

How much of our DNA is made up of DNA that codes for specific traits?

Answer 36

only 2%

Question 37

What was the human genome project?

Answer 37

Launched in 1990, completed in 2003, a worldwide project which involved the sequencing of the human genome.

Question 38

Genomics

Answer 38

The study of genomes and how genes work together to control phenotypes

Question 39

Plasmid

Answer 39

Small circular pieces of DNA that can exit and enter bacterial cells.

Question 40

Restriction enzymes

Answer 40

Molecules that have the ability to cut DNA at a specific site; different restriction enzymes recognize and cut different sites

Question 41

Recombinant DNA

Answer 41

A fragment of DNA consisting of nucleotide sequences from at least two different sources

Question 42

How is recombinant DNA done?

Answer 42

Can be made from any 2 pieces of DNA that have been cut with the same restriction enzyme

Question 43

Give an example of recombinant DNA

Answer 43

Geneticists can use this technique to transfer a piece of DNA with a gene of interest from one species to another. Ex) putting omega in a banana

Question 44

Describe spider silk, a product of engineering

Answer 44

Spider silk, dragline fibre, is at least 5 times as strong as steel and twice as strong as the material in bulletproof vests, waterproof, and ductile. Using recombinant DNA scientists can make spider silk outside a spider's body to put in other organisms such as goats to produce milk with the protein from spider silk. Also used for manufacturing, parachutes, and outerwear

Question 45

Describe Bt corn, a product of genetic engineering

Answer 45

A bacterium found in soil, produces a natural pesticide of crystal proteins that are lethal to certain insects but harmless to humans. These genes have been inserted into corn using recombinant DNA to produce its own pesticides against insects

Question 46

Gene therapy

Answer 46

The process by which defective genes in a genome are corrected with a normal copy of the gene.

Question 47

The three basic steps of gene therapy

Answer 47

1) scientists remove/alter viral DNA so that the viruses cannot harm the cells they enter 2) copies of the DNA that include the normal human gene are placed inside each virus and incorporated into the virus' DNA 3) large numbers of these viruses are used to infect the target cells in an attempt to insert the normal human DNA into the cells genome

Question 48

Setbacks to gene therapy

Answer 48

Jesse Gelsinger died due to severe immune system response in 1999 In 2003, 2 children developed leukaemia a few years after the gene therapy was completed (it activated the gene that causes leukaemia)

Question 49

Gene therapy successes

Answer 49

1) restoration of vision in patients with an inherited retinal disease 2) repairing a gene that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy 3) restoring hearing after hairs in the inner ear are damaged