Quiz 2 Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
Blending Inheritance
A
Darwin. 2 traits blend in reproduction. Not good because it limits variability.
2
Q
Gregor Mendal
A
Pea Plant genetics & punnet squares. Based on alleles passed from parents to offspring.
3
Q
Particulate Model of Inheritance
A
Each parent transmits 1 copy Kid receives 2 copies Each copy is an allele Dominant alleles can mask recessive alleles Segregation
4
Q
Segregation
A
Copies segregate at the point of reproduction at random.
5
Q
Alelles
A
Variants of a gene (P,p)
6
Q
Genotype
A
Genetic Makeup of an individual (PP, Pp, pp)
7
Q
Phenotype
A
Physical traits of organisms (purple, white)
8
Q
PP, pp
A
Homozygote
9
Q
Pp
A
Heterozygote
10
Q
Codominance
A
Neither allele is masked
11
Q
DNA
A
Replicable (Can make copies of itself) Store information Vary by mutation *Hereditary Phosphorus, No sulfer
12
Q
Miosis
A
Making of sex cells
13
Q
Mitosis
A
Making new body cells
14
Q
How do you make new cells?
A
Mitosis or Miosis
15
Q
Who are the 2 guys that matter to DNA?
A
Marth Chase & Alfred Hershey
16
Q
Protien
A
Sulfur, No phophorus
17
Q
Rosalind Franklin
A
Discovered the double helix of DNA through xray crystalorgaphy but some fuck face stole it.
18
Q
DNA Backbone
A
Sugar phosphate (carbohydrate) this is the ribbon part
19
Q
DNA Base
A
Nitrogenous (AGCT)
20
Q
A&T
A
2 bonds
21
Q
G&C
A
3 bonds (more stable)
22
Q
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE DNA REPLICATION PROCESS?!?
A
DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) Amino Acid Protein- Phenotype
23
Q
Transcription
A
DNA changed to RNA (U’s not T’s)
24
Q
Translation
A
RNA turns into proteins by using three bases to find the correct amino acids
25
Virus
DNA/RNA in the middle with a protein structure. Reproduces by forcing cells in an organism to make copies of it.
26
HIV
Targets T Cells in immune system. Poops RNA into T-cells and then they copy and continue out back into the body. Made a primate to human transfer twice.
27
AZT
First treatment for HIV. Disruption the process of transcription and translation in Tcells
28
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Variety in the populations
29
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Isolates a small part of the genome
30
PCR Recipe
Buffer & Water (creates solution)
DNTP's (ATCG)
Primers (short DNA strands that open the DNA)
DNA Temprate (While sequence of your DNA)
TAQ Polymerase (Enzyme adds nucleotide to DNA strand)
31
Restriction Enzyme
Cuts somewhere in the DNA sequence depending on alleles.
32
PCR
Denaturation
Amealing
Extension
33
Denaturation
Takes a double stranded DNA to a single stranded DNA by splitting through heat (95 degrees)
34
Amealing
Allows DNA to reform. (Opposite of denaturation) (40-65)
35
Extension
Adds nucleotides to the strand and repeat this 35 times.
36
Bacteria Reproduction
Fission (Asexual)
37
Eukaryotes
Everything except bacteria & arches. Have a true nucleus
| • Nucleus contains entire genome
38
Mitochrodria
Powerhouse of the cell.
39
Plants
Have buds and roots
| have a haploid multicellular stage
40
Why did plants colonize land?
Sun, nutrients, and fewer enemies.
41
Plant Colonization benefits
Sunlight
| concentrated nutrients
42
Plants Colonization cons
The land sucks
The land isn't as wet
Can't find structure (Need structure from other physical objects or a network of roots.)
43
Zoom in from Person
Person- made of cells- cells have nucleus- contains the genome- chromosomes- DNA- function of Dan is to code protein.
44
How do you MAKE DNA?
DNA replication - unzip the double strand
45
What's the FUNCTION of DNA?
To make proteins through transcription and translation.
46
Bacteria
Not mono phyletic because prokaryotes include archea which are more closely related to eucarya than procaria
47
Virus Tech & GMO Tech
Plasma takes up DNA & bacteria picks up that plasma. Bacteria then make zHella Copies of itself.
The DNA transcript/lates into protein with resistant traits.
48
Electrophoresis
Increases the permeability
49
Phylogenetics
Forming and testing hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among species.
50
Phylogenetic trees
Show evolutionary links
| Should be parsimonious
51
Parsimony
Best tree requires fewer changes
52
Applications of Phylogenetics
Crime and Law
• Can use to predict flu à make flu shot
• Can use to predict flu à make flu shot
53
Adaptive radiation
Rapid diversification in novel ecological roles
| • Single ancestor diversifies into array of new species
54
Fire Behavior Triangle
Weather- wind, temperature, humidity, precipitation
Topography- slope or flat
Fuels- fine/heavy, moisture, continuous
55
PCR Lab Week 1
PRC-DAE
| Made millions of copies of the taste region we wanted to isolate
56
PCR Lab Week 2
Restriction enzyme cut sections for tasters and didn't cut for non taster alleles
57
PCR Lab Week 3
Electrophoresis
o Applying electricity to move DNA across a medium
o DNA is negatively charged so it moves from negative to positive
o Large pieces more slow and small move faster
58
Exotoxins
Bad bacteria 1. proteins secreted by bacteria
59
Endotoxins
Bad bacteria 2. released when cells die
60
Animals
* Multicellular heterotrophs (don’t make own food)- feed by ingestion and digestion
* No cell walls
* Have collagen- forms strong fibers in connective tissue and bone
* Most have muscles and nerves
* Diploid dominant
* Usually sexually reproduction
61
Bloom on Fish
Littler pufferfish is the best fish, stinging catfish is the worst fish
62
Fish
• Have a head
Vertebrate
• Heart, blood with hemoglobin (to move nutrients), kidneys (to remove waste)
• Paraphyletic
63
Fish jaws
develop from gill arches- part of gill
| Lamprey has no jaw
64
Candiru- scariest fish
* parasitic small catfish
* attracted to ammonia coming form fish gills- byproduct of breathing
* swim up and implant into gills of other fish
65
Arthropods
* open circulatory system
* segmented body plan
* 5 walking leg pairs – 4 for swimming
66
Why are insects diverse?
* Co evolve with plants
* Diverse mouths
* Colonize land
* Evolution of flight
* Internal fertilization
* Complex social systems
* Very old
67
• Archaea
Type of Bacteria
o Don’t know a lot
o X-treme conditions
