Quiz 2

Question 1

Sclera

Answer 1

Has blood vessels
White of the eye
Posterior portion of fibrous tunic

Question 2

Cornea

Answer 2

Anterior portion of fibrous tunic
Transparent because the collagen fibers are regularly arranged and do not reflect light
Lacks blood vessels so it receives nutrients from aqueous humor
Exchanges gas with atmosphere
Aids in bending of light and contributes to a clear image.
If cornea isn’t shaped properly (astigmatism) and if it’s not transparent then there can be a blurry vision because the image won’t reach the focal point of the retina

Question 3

Vascular tunic

Answer 3

Highly vascularized (lots of blood vessels)
Middle layer of eye
Composed of the choroid, ciliary body, and the iris

Question 4

Choroid

Answer 4

Thin dark membrane rich in blood vessels
Melanin (the dark brown pigment) absorbs light so it doesn’t reflect within the eyeball (clearer image)
Cow eyes and nocturnal mammals have a tapetum lucidum (metallic layer that absorbs light) so their image is distorted but they can see better in the dark

Question 5

Ciliary body

Answer 5

Composed of ciliary processes and ciliary muscle

Question 6

Ciliary processes

Answer 6

Secrete aqueous humor

Question 7

Aqueous humor

Answer 7

Supplies nutrients to the lens and the cornea of the eye and goes back into the small canals in the cardiovascular system (blood vessels)

Question 8

Ciliary muscle

Answer 8

Made of smooth muscle cells in a ring or sphincter around the lens
Controlled by the autonomic system
Connected to suspensory ligaments directly attached to the lens
Controls the shape of the lens

Question 9

Contraction and relaxation of ciliary muscle

Answer 9

Contraction; moves closer to the lens and releases the tension of the suspensory ligaments causing the lens to shrink to its thickest shape.

Contraction of ciliary muscle = relaxation of ligaments and contraction of lens

Relaxation; moves away from the lens and cause the ligaments to tighten and the lens relaxes and is stretched into a think flat shape.

Relaxation of ciliary muscle = contraction of ligaments and relaxation of lens

Question 10

Lens

Answer 10

Lacks blood vessels
Made of epithelial cells
Light passes through it because cells are highly organized
Shape can be altered because it has highly elastic proteins
Thin flat lens bends light less than thick lens
Sharp image depends on elasticity of lens
Close objects = more spherical shape (convex)

Question 11

What happens to the lens when we get older

Answer 11

The lens isn’t as spherical so it’s harder to see closer objects
Bends light less because it’s flat and thin
Due to protein denaturation within the cells

Question 12

Iris

Answer 12

Thinner than ciliary body
Overlaps front of lens
Composed of circular and radial smooth muscle fibers

Question 13

Pupil

Answer 13

Opening in the center of the iris
Light passes through this opening to reach the lens and interior part of eye
Diameter of pupil can be regulated by the autonomic nervous system

Question 14

Vitreous humor

Answer 14

Clear jelly like substance behind the lens

Helps maintain pressure, shape of the eyeball, and held focus light on the retina

Question 15

Nervous tunic/retina

Answer 15

Contains photoreceptors, sensory neurons, and blood vessels
Cones absent at the edge of the retina
Rods absent at the center of the retina

Question 16

Cones

Answer 16

Photoreceptors for color vision

Red, blue, and green

Question 17

Rods

Answer 17

Photoreceptors for black and white (contrast) or night vision (work well when cones aren’t being stimulated in low light conditions)

Question 18

Macula lutea

Answer 18

Yellow spot in the center of the retina
Contains only comes
Contains the fovea centralis

Question 19

Fovea centralis

Answer 19

Exact center of retina
High density of cones
Highest visual acuity (sharpness)
Density of rods decrease as you move away from the fovea centralis

Question 20

Optic disc/blind spot

Answer 20

Where the optic nerve exits the eye
Has no rods or cones so there is no perception of light
The sensory neurons around the optic nerve are wrapped with connective tissue for protection and support

Question 21

Blood

Answer 21

Contains plasma proteins and cells in a fluid matrix
Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes
Involved in negative feedback; blood clotting to prevent blood loss and protect against pathogens

Question 22

Plasma

Answer 22

55% of blood
90% made of water
Has proteins and solutes (Na, O2, CO2, glucose, wastes, vitamins)

Question 23

Platelets (thrombocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes).

Answer 23

45% of blood

Question 24

Platelet plugs

Answer 24

Triggers blood clotting

Turns soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.

Question 25

Red blood cells

Answer 25

Contains hemoglobin which binds with oxygen

Question 26

How to measure oxygen in blood

Answer 26

Measure percentage of RBC's or measure the hemoglobin in blood

Question 27

White blood cells

Answer 27

``` Monocyte/macrophage Lymphocyte Eosinophil Neutrophil Basophils ```

Question 28

Basophils

Answer 28

Promote inflammation responses by releasing chemicals to attract other WBC's

Question 29

Eosinophils

Answer 29

Weak phagocytes | Anti Inflammatory effect

Question 30

Specific immunity

Answer 30

Regulated by the B and T lymphocytes | Recognition of specific antigens

Question 31

T lymphocytes

Answer 31

Differentiate into a variety of cell types (helper and cytotoxic)

Question 32

B lymphocytes

Answer 32

Blood typing | Attack antigens by producing antibodies

Question 33

Antigens

Answer 33

Foreign substances that trigger specific immune responses May be large protein molecules Or Chemicals released by bacteria Or Substances on the surfaces of bacteria, viruses Invade extra cellular fluid and our bodies identify them as foreign materials

Question 34

Antibodies

Answer 34

Proteins that bind to antigen surfaces and air other WBC's to destroy antigens and their cells.

Question 35

Blood typing antigens

Answer 35

Made of glycoproteins and glycolipids | On surface of erythrocytes

Question 36

Rh or D antigen

Answer 36

Presence or absence of d antigen

Question 37

B blood type has what type of antibodies and antigens

Answer 37

A antibodies and b antigens

Question 38

What happens when cells are agglutinate S

Answer 38

The agglutinated cells become trapped in capillaries and rupture and release breakdown products. These byproducts may clog kidneys and other vital organs. The organs may fail and death will result.

Question 39

What type of antigens and antibodies does AB and O have

Answer 39

AB; A and B antigens, no antibodies | O; no antigens, A and B antibodies

Question 40

Can an Rh positive give to an Rh negative?

Answer 40

No

Question 41

Insulin

Answer 41

Hormone secreted by cells in pancreas Stimulated facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells, takes it out of the blood As blood glucose goes up, so does insulin

Question 42

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 42

Fails to produce insulin

Question 43

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 43

Cells become insulin resistant | Body still produces insulin

Question 44

Consequences of diabetes

Answer 44

Increased fat metabolism Production of excessive ketones (acidic molecules) High levels of fat in blood Accelerates aging affect in blood vessels, blood vessels stiffen Resulting in high rates of heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and limb amputation due to poor circulation

Question 45

Hypoglycemic

Answer 45

Under 60

Question 46

Normal after 2 hours

Answer 46

70-110

Question 47

Normal between 1-2 hours

Answer 47

111-125

Question 48

Diabetic after 2 hours

Answer 48

126

Question 49

Diabetic after 1-2 hours

Answer 49

220-280

Question 50

Why does the blood glucose level go down even without insulin

Answer 50

Glucose gets excreted

Question 51

Why do males have more RBC's

Answer 51

Testosterone stimulates RBC production They also need more oxygen because their higher muscle mass and metabolic rate Estrogen weakly suppresses RBC production

Question 52

Anemia

Answer 52

Oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced Low number of RBC's Iron, vit b12, and folic acid deficiencies Red meat, egg yolk, spinach, and carrots have lots of iron

Question 53

Erythropoietin

Answer 53

Hormone produced from kidneys when blood is lacking oxygen Produces more RBC Plasma volume is also increased (so higher blood volume not RBCs per blood volume)

Question 54

Erythrocytosis

Answer 54

Blood contains too many RBC's Cause by being in high altitudes, air higher up has less oxygen Blood is more likely to clot (heart attacks in healthy athletes injecting EPO) Smoking can cause this because it's blood is lacking oxygen so the body produces more RBC to compensate

Question 55

Fibrous tunic

Answer 55

Outermost layer of eye Made of collagen proteins that form connective tissue Gives the eye a very fixed rigid shape