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Botany Quiz 2 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Early plants with shoots had

A

No vascular tissue or roots

Had rhizoids

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2
Q

first type of roots were

A

adventitious: arise from shoots

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3
Q

2 types of roots

A
  1. adventitious

2. roots from other roots

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4
Q

what plants have roots from other roots

A

seed plants

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5
Q

what is the first root of seed plants>

A

radicle

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6
Q

seed plant roots contain

A

radicle, cotyledons, hypocotyl, and epicotyl

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7
Q

what is a cotyledon

A

in seed plant–> seed leaves

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8
Q

What is a hypocotyl

A

connects roots to shoots in seed plants

axis that connects cotyledons to the root

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9
Q

epicotyl

A

in seed plants

  • above the hypocotyl
  • young shoot
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10
Q

radicles die in what plants>

A

palms and grasses

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11
Q

monocots have what type of roots?

A

adventitious only

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12
Q

what is the function of a root

A
  • water/nutrient uptake
  • anchoring
  • storage
  • photosynthesis (some)
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13
Q

Epiphytes are

A

plants that grow on other plants

  • does not parasitize them
  • does not root in the soil
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14
Q

name the root zones

A
  1. apical meristem (RAM)/zone of cell division
  2. zone of elongation (growth occurs)
  3. zone of differentiation (maturation where stele matures and trichomes elongate)
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15
Q

What did roots evolve from?

A

rhizomes

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16
Q

Root apical meristem (RAM)

A

zone of cell division-apical meristem where primary root growth occurs

  • RAM is bifacial
  • cells formed to outside produce root cap
  • cells formed to inside produce plant body
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17
Q

Root cap

A

covers and protects the root tip
protects RAM
can sense gravity: cells in columella have statoliths

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18
Q

quiescent center

A

light colored cells in RAM

no division

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19
Q

zone of differentiation

A

root hairs are trichomes that increase surface area for water/nutrient absorption
-only certain epidermal cells produce root hairs

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20
Q

Periderm

A
  • replaces epidermis
  • to the inside is cork parenchyma for photosynthesis and storage
  • cork is to the outside and is dead at maturity. suberin in cw
  • cork cambia is replaced and new cork cambia form in older secondary phloem (light and dark bands in bark)
  • lenticels
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21
Q

Lenticels

A

openings in periderm for gas exchange

22
Q

primary root stele

A

no pith present in most roots

  • epidermis, cortex (storage parenchyma), endodermis, pericycle, vascular cylinder
  • xylem and phloem mature from outside to in
  • stele can be diarch, triarch, tetrarch, pentarch, or polyarch(more than 5)
23
Q

apoplastic movement

A

water and nutrients move around the cells along the cell wall

24
Q

symplastic movement

A

water and nutrients move through the symplasm. (from one cytoplasm to another, connected by plasmodesmata)

25
Q

casparian strip

A

lignin and suberin on radial and transverse walls that prevent water in or out
-forces symplastic movement of water and solutes (moves radially)

26
Q

Pericycle and 3 fx

A
  • produces periderm and is located between endodermis and phloem
    1. produces branch roots endogenously (arises from the inside) and laterally (side/branch)
    2. made up of parts of the vascular cambium (pericycle + F.C. = new vascular cambium)
    3. produces the entire cork cambium in roots
27
Q

vascular cambium

A
  • cells in procambium and pericycle make periclinal divisions
  • inner layer of cells is v.c.
  • outer layer is retained as pericycle
  • v.c. is continuous around the primary xylem and below the primary phloem (fascicular cambium)
28
Q

Root types

A
  1. tap root
  2. fibrous root
  3. prop roots
  4. aerial roots
29
Q

tap root

A

develops from the radicle

ex: carrots, dandelions, gymnosperms. woody roots and herbaceous stems

30
Q

fibrous roots

A
  • grasses
  • all adventitious roots and usually no tap roots
  • many fine roots
31
Q

prop roots

A
  • produces roots from shoots
  • adventitious
  • no secondary growth
  • ex: corn
32
Q

aerial roots

A
  • prop roots are a type of aerial root
  • usually exposed all the time
  • mangroves: pneumatophores stick out of surface of water, loaded with air canals
33
Q

some storage root

A
  • woody–> parenchyma in wood

- others have a lot of parenchyma/strange secondary growth

34
Q

Respiration steps (4)

A
  1. glycolysis (not aerobic)
  2. Formation of Acetyl CoA (in mt)
  3. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) in mt
  4. electron transport chain in mt
35
Q

ATP synthase

A
  • part of ETC in inner mem
  • protons move passively
  • energy from the diffusion of protons
36
Q

FADH2 complex II and NADH complex I vs Quinone complex I and II

A

FADH2 complex II and NADH complex I have “higher” (more negative) redox potential than Quinone complex I / II

37
Q

absorption of light

A

blue and red light absorbed by chloroplasts in chlorenchyma located in mesophyll layer of cell

38
Q

Carotenoids

A

good at quenching (getting rid of energy) and produces heat

39
Q

why are chl concentrations higher in shade leaves?

A

to catch more photons because the chances of hitting shade leaves in much lower than sun leaves

40
Q

resonance transfer

A
  • molecules excited and passes excitation to a near molecule
  • transfer from one pigment to another (chl–>e- donation)
  • some lost as heat
41
Q

electron donation

A 
trap chlorophyll (trap energy)
-resonance transfer stops at trap chl. loses e- then goes to ETC
42
Q

energy from photon is transferred to

A

-electrons

43
Q

pigments absorb certain photons

A
  • can lose energy as fluorescence (de-excites)

- chlorophyll always fluoresces / absorbs red and reflects green

44
Q

adventitious roots arise from

A

shoots

45
Q

to the inside of periderm

A

often cork parenchyma that photosynthesize and storage

46
Q

periderm to the outside

A

cork cells are dead at maturity

-suberin in cw

47
Q

statoliths

A

specialized amyloplasts that signal direction of gravity

-located in the columella of the root cap

48
Q

everything in endodermis is a

A

stele

49
Q

fasicular cambium in primary root stele

A

between xylem and phloem and is part of the vascular cambium that comes from the pericycle

50
Q

pneumatophores

A

in prop roots that stick out of surface of water to aerate roots

51
Q

endodermis

A

ending point of vascular cylinder to cortex (casparian strip)

52
Q

function of endodermis

A

to prevent water loss/desiccation of the vascular cylinder

Botany Quiz 2 (1 decks)

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