quiz 2

Question 1

rhythm

Answer 1

A repeating process at regular intervals

seasons, days/years, etc

Question 2

period

Answer 2

Length of time to complete one cycle

daily, annually, lunar, tidal, etc

Question 3

Ultradian

Answer 3

Cycles with periods lasting less than 24 hours

tides

Question 4

Circannual

Answer 4

Periods in a cycle that last about 1 year

Question 5

Circadian

Answer 5

Periods in a cycle that last about 24 hours

calendar days

Question 6

Infradian

Answer 6

Periods in a cycle that last more than 24 hours

annual, lunar, seasonal, etc

Question 7

Exogenous rhythms

Answer 7

When animal is removed from environment they no longer exhibit the same regular cycles because they relied on environmental cues for their cyclic behaviour

Question 8

Endogenous rhythms

Answer 8

Biological clock, i.e. cycles independent of environmental cues (may shift slightly over time when deprived of cues, but occur in same intervals)

Question 9

Free running rhythms

Answer 9

biological clock when it is not being influenced by external/environmental time cues

Question 10

Entrainment

Answer 10

Process which environmental rhythm, like light/dark cycle, regulates period and phase of biological rhythm

Question 11

Zeitgeiber

Answer 11

“Time giver”
-An environmental cue to reset circadian clock
-Free run rhythm
(light cues (day/night) for rest, hormone secretion, feeding, etc)

Question 12

Where is the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) located?

Answer 12

Dense cluster of neurons in hypothalamus, depending on sensory info from eyes

Question 13

play

Answer 13

• behav that is pieces of other behav patterns (usually incomplete/ exaggerated)
• elements drawn from different behav patterns put in new sequences
• Social
• Locomotor
• Object play

Question 14

Proximate influences of play

Answer 14

• Sex differentiation (androgen levels)
• energy levels
• social environment (affects rate)
• predation pressure (dec rate)

Question 15

Functions of play

Answer 15

• practice for hunting later in life (enhance physical training)
• enhancing cognitive development (problem solving skills)
• facilitation of social bonding
• regulation of energy reserves (juveniles ridding of excess energy)
• training for dealing with unexpected events

Question 16

Home range dispersal (sex bias)

Answer 16

• one sex disperses, the other stays results in a reduction of inbreeding
• sex most involved in teritory acquisition/defence stays
• sex that gets first choice in breeding sites is the one that stays
• avoid competition with kin (resources and mates)
• if one sex is more cooperative with others they are more likely to stay

Question 17

Dear enemy phenomenon

Answer 17

• neighbouring territorial animals become less aggressive once territorial borders are well-established
• accustomed to neighbours, expend less time/energy defensive behav
• aggression to unfamiliar neighbours is the same

Question 18

Resource holding potential

Answer 18

• Ability of animal to defend its resources from competitors

- increase fitness by assessing own potential to compared to opponets and adjust fight strat to fit

Question 19

dispersal (costs)

Answer 19

• high energy loss (result of increased movement)

- increased risk of predation (less familiar with physical/social environment)

Question 20

migration (costs)

Answer 20

• increased energy loss
• increased predation
• increased exposure to weather

Question 21

Inbreeding avoidance

Answer 21

-dispersal of one sex is predicted to be linked to be result of one sex not breeding with their other sex siblings, making them disperse to find mates

Question 22

Affiliative behaviours

Answer 22

desire to/formation of social and emotional bonds with others (grooming, touching, and hugging)

Question 23

Agonistic behaviours

Answer 23

Behav that encompasses all conflict betw conspecifics, including threats, submissive behav, chasing, and physical combat
Not used to describe aggressive acts betw species, such as predation

Question 24

net rate of energy intake from feeding:

Ef=(Es+Ep+Ec+Eh)/(Ts+Tp+Tc+Th)

Answer 24

Net energy = energy spent:
-searching for food
-pursuing food (prey)
-consuming (chew/digest)
-handling time (manipulate food before eating)
Divided by time spent searching, pursuing, consuming, and handling food

Question 25

Optimal foraging theory

Answer 25

make energy/time spent and higher risk of injury/predation when acquiring food worth it by getting foods to result in a positive net energy

Question 26

Frequency dependent selection

Answer 26

An increase one phenotype makes them the go to ‘search image’ for predators, resulting in the other phenotype having higher fitness, but eventually they are the more abundant phenotype and thus they switch roles and they are the ‘search image’

Question 27

Prey acquisition strategies: Passive

Answer 27

sit/wait: - disguise - trap/lure ``` recruit conspecifics (only if if payoff is greater than solitary): -passive: hear/smell kill ```

Question 28

Stotting

Answer 28

deer and antelope jump to show predator it has been detected, and that the prey is fit enough to escape (wasting energy and still able to escape)

Question 29

Aposematism

Answer 29

warning coloration to announce dangerous/unpleasant attributes

Question 30

Mimicry

Answer 30

(dishonest signal) - Batsean: looks like a toxic animal but isn't - Mullerian: unrelated species share same warning signal

Question 31

antipredator behaviours

Answer 31

- attack - avoid detection - avoid consumption - avoid capture

Question 32

antipredator: attack

Answer 32

- distract/deter: lure away from chicks then escape - alarm signal: calls, pheromones, other noises - fight back: advertise toxicity, mob behaviour, weapons (spines/chemical)

Question 33

antipredator: avoid detection

Answer 33

- crypsis: camouflage with backdrop | - masquerade: pretending to be something else

Question 34

antipredator: avoid consumption

Answer 34

- play dead | - fight back

Question 35

antipredator: avoid capture

Answer 35

- flight - synchrony: reduce probability that any one will be captured (safety in numbers) - startle/confuse/misdirect: eye spots, spray ink, blind

Question 36

example of optimal foraging theory (crows and whelks)

Answer 36

Crows getting the biggest whelks to drop on the rocks because they fly to the same height to drop them and the bigger ones will break sooner (fewer times to fly up and drop them, wasting energy) and the bigger whelks have more mass/food to give back used energy

Question 37

Prey acquisition strategies: active

Answer 37

- roam/strike - stalk/rush: stealth, chase, quick kill bite - courser: run prey to exhaustion recruit conspecifics (only if if payoff is greater than solitary): - pheromones - vocalization - central forage place - multiple trips to forage and come back to central place (colony/den) - follow successful foragers

Question 38

Migration

Answer 38

Movement away from home range that doesn't stop upon encountering first suitable location

Question 39

migration (benefits)

Answer 39

- attaining better/positive net energy balance | - less fighting for resources in harsh winters

Question 40

dispersal (benefits)

Answer 40

- avoid kin competition for resources/mates | - avoidance of inbreeding

Question 41

Home range dispersal (birds)

Answer 41

- females are more likely to disperse | - male territory to attract females, females disperse

Question 42

Home range dispersal (mammals)

Answer 42

- males are more likely to disperse - males compete for females, so males disperse to increse chances of getting mates) - if father is not present when daughters are sexually mature, males dispersed - if father is present when daughters are sexually mature, females disperse to avoid inbreeding - polygamous means males have more competition so they disperse (monogamous: equal competition and equal disperse)