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Biological Psychology > Quiz 2 (b) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (b) Flashcards

1
Q

Growth and development of neurons ( 5 stages)

A 
Proliferation
Migration,
differentiation,
myelination,
synaptogenesis
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2
Q

1Proliferation

A

The production of new cells. Generation of specific classes of neuron production of new cells

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3
Q

2Migration

A

cells moving to position with in the CNS
This process is coordinated by chemical cells.
Signals attract and repels.

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4
Q

3differentiation

A

Development of the neuron phenotype.

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5
Q

4Myelination

A

Axonconverd by myelin sheath

Olgeinderiytes.

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6
Q

5Synaptogenesis

A

formation of synapses
alot happens after birth
non functional synapses

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Neurenal-Pruning

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8
Q

Neurotrpphin

A

Chemical that promotes survival and activity of neurons- a class of chemicals

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9
Q

Healthy Aging

A

“Health is merely the slowest possible rate at which one can die” (Andy Rooney)

Lack of disease
Relative term indicating soundness of body and mind

Physical decline is a natural part of healthy aging

Cognitive decline is a natural part of healthy aging
Use age-adjusted approaches to quantify cognitive abilities in elderly individuals

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10
Q

The Psychology of Aging: Mental Disorders

A

1

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11
Q

Geropsychology:

A

subfield of psychology concerned with psychological disorders in late life

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12
Q

Common psychological problems among the elderly:

A

Anxiety disorders
Increased stress
Depression
Substance abuse

Psychological problems often co-morbid with medical problems

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13
Q

Difficulties with Diagnosis in the Elderly

A

Condition due to medical problem?
Side effects of medications?

Older people may not present the same symptoms as younger people
Often complain of physical problems instead of psychological problems
Issues disregarded as “part of aging”

Psychological disorders stigmatized

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14
Q

Causes of Dementia

A 
Causes of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Stroke
Parkinson’s disease
Brain injury
Huntington’s disease
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15
Q

Brain Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Extrme shrinkage of the cerebral cortex,
Extreme shrinkage of the hippocampus,
Severely enlarged ventricles

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16
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is broken by either α-secretase or β- and γ-secretase
α-secretase breakage result in a protein that may be protective
β- and γ-secretase breakage results in a protein that aggregates into gooey plaques (amyloid β plaques)

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17
Q

The basal forebrain acetylcholine neurons

A

Neurons in the basal forebrain are acetylcholine (cholinergic) neurons
Send their projections (axons) to the frontal cortex and the hippocampus
Very important for memory and cognition
Lesions of the basal forebrain impair cognition
Drugs that block acetylcholine receptors impair cognition
Drugs that activate acetylcholine receptors can improve cognition
Basal forebrain acetylcholine neurons die in Alzheimer’s disease

18
Q

Lin et al., 1998

A

What evidence is there for a relationship between cholinergic function and amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) processing?
What does IgG-saporin do? Where was the IgG-saporin injected in the rats?
Why do you think the authors were interested in assessing cognitive function for this study?
Interpret Figure 1A and 1B
Interpret Figure 3

19
Q

Changes in cognition w/ healthy aging

A 
Dec hormone levels
Dec Processing Speed
Memory loss
Dec volume of brain/ hippocampus
Changes in perception
changes in NT levels/dec in acetohoiline and dopmian levels
dec in fun functional synapes
20
Q

Chollnergic system

A

Dec # of muscarinic receptor
dec #celinorsic cells
important for cognition memory ,leacing

21
Q

Dementia

A

serve cognition impairments in a pre… … person beyound what is expected with w/ aging .

22
Q

Alzheimers disease symptoms

A 
Servere memory loss
Cognitive impairments
agation and irritiability,confusion
dec # chonlingic cells in the basal forbrain
Depression
Hallucination and delusions
dec ...recptopers
23
Q

Basal forebrain contains

A

accepor acetycholine,songs ….hipppocpus and frontal cortex

24
Q

Risk factors for AD

A

AGE
Low psyscal activity
head truma
low mental activity

25
Q

AD family

A

get it in their 40s

gene related

26
Q

Why do we need to sleep?
Why do we do study Sleep?
Sleep changes over the life span?

A

Not really sure

We know it is bad if we dont sleep it’s bad
sleep deprivation causes cognitive impairments

2yrs average 8 hours
teens require more sleep

27
Q

Electroence phalography eeg limits and output

A 
Limitions
  not s
  measuring of aps in     neurons
  measuring outside
Output= eeg waves
28
Q

EEG wave output

A

amlitude

frequency

29
Q

Stages of sleep cycle

A 
wake
nonrem
    4stages
     3-4=deep sleep
REM
   Dreams
   eye moving
   muscle atonia
30
Q

Wake

A 
Sensory signals reaching brain/cortex
Motor signals reaching muscles
EEG WAVES: high freqency low apitutude
asynchrenas activiaty
lots of aps
not firing at the same time
31
Q

Nonrem sleep

A

Sensory signails not reaching cortex
reduced motor signaling
eeg waves
Stage 1 nrem: moderate frequency+ low amplitude
Stage2 sleep spindle- burst of waves lasting 1/2 secound..K complex-sharp hifh ampplitude waves
stages 3-4 nrem:deep sleep,slow wave sleep
EEg waves:High,amplitude/ lowfrea … are not as many aps…synchronized activity

Sleep wake/ sleep talking

32
Q

REM sleep

A

More sensory info reaching cortex vs nrem
muscle antonia/ muscle parolized
rapid eye movements
EEG :HIGH frequency low amplitude

33
Q

Reticular formation

A

area in brain steam
involved in beahavioral arousal
stimulate RF to wake some one up
decrease during sleep

34
Q

EOG

EMG

A

electro-oculogram (measures eye movements)

electromyogram (measures muscle tone)

35
Q

PGO

A

p:PONS
G: genicule nucles….thalamus
O: OCCIPITAL CORTEX

36
Q

The Circadian Cycle of Sleep

A

Circadian pattern of sleep
Self-sustained oscillation

~24 hour clock occurs in the absence of cues

Circadian “clock” maintains appropriate periods of wake and sleep

37
Q

The Circadian Cycle of Sleep

A

Retinal cells: Glu
SCN: GABA
Pineal gland: melatonin

38
Q

Aging and Sleep

A

Aging is associated with:
Decreased ability to stay asleep
Decreased time spent in stage 3 and 4 of nREM sleep
Slight decreases in REM associated with increased time spent awake during the night and less time sleeping overall

39
Q

Cognition and Sleep

A

Slow wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) is important for cognitive function and feeling rested

Some studies report no cognitive or behavioral effects of REM deprivation in the context of undisturbed slow wave sleep

Some studies show memory impairments following REM deprivation
Theory that REM is important for memory formation and strengthening

40
Q

Bringing It All Together

A

Orexin neurons in the hypothalamus receive circadian information indirectly from the SCN

Melatonin interacts with the neurotransmitter systems in the sleep/wake cycle

Together we get a biological clock that is influenced by light and interacts with the neurotransmitters involved in maintaining wake/sleep

Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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