Quiz 2 (b)

Question 1

Growth and development of neurons ( 5 stages)

Answer 1

Proliferation
Migration,
differentiation,
myelination,
synaptogenesis

Question 2

1Proliferation

Answer 2

The production of new cells. Generation of specific classes of neuron production of new cells

Question 3

2Migration

Answer 3

cells moving to position with in the CNS
This process is coordinated by chemical cells.
Signals attract and repels.

Question 4

3differentiation

Answer 4

Development of the neuron phenotype.

Question 5

4Myelination

Answer 5

Axonconverd by myelin sheath

Olgeinderiytes.

Question 6

5Synaptogenesis

Answer 6

formation of synapses
alot happens after birth
non functional synapses

Question 7

Apoptosis

Answer 7

Neurenal-Pruning

Question 8

Neurotrpphin

Answer 8

Chemical that promotes survival and activity of neurons- a class of chemicals

Question 9

Healthy Aging

Answer 9

“Health is merely the slowest possible rate at which one can die” (Andy Rooney)

Lack of disease
Relative term indicating soundness of body and mind

Physical decline is a natural part of healthy aging

Cognitive decline is a natural part of healthy aging
Use age-adjusted approaches to quantify cognitive abilities in elderly individuals

Question 10

The Psychology of Aging: Mental Disorders

Answer 10

1

Question 11

Geropsychology:

Answer 11

subfield of psychology concerned with psychological disorders in late life

Question 12

Common psychological problems among the elderly:

Answer 12

Anxiety disorders
Increased stress
Depression
Substance abuse

Psychological problems often co-morbid with medical problems

Question 13

Difficulties with Diagnosis in the Elderly

Answer 13

Condition due to medical problem?
Side effects of medications?

Older people may not present the same symptoms as younger people
Often complain of physical problems instead of psychological problems
Issues disregarded as “part of aging”

Psychological disorders stigmatized

Question 14

Causes of Dementia

Answer 14

Causes of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Stroke
Parkinson’s disease
Brain injury
Huntington’s disease

Question 15

Brain Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 15

Extrme shrinkage of the cerebral cortex,
Extreme shrinkage of the hippocampus,
Severely enlarged ventricles

Question 16

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 16

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is broken by either α-secretase or β- and γ-secretase
α-secretase breakage result in a protein that may be protective
β- and γ-secretase breakage results in a protein that aggregates into gooey plaques (amyloid β plaques)

Question 17

The basal forebrain acetylcholine neurons

Answer 17

Neurons in the basal forebrain are acetylcholine (cholinergic) neurons
Send their projections (axons) to the frontal cortex and the hippocampus
Very important for memory and cognition
Lesions of the basal forebrain impair cognition
Drugs that block acetylcholine receptors impair cognition
Drugs that activate acetylcholine receptors can improve cognition
Basal forebrain acetylcholine neurons die in Alzheimer’s disease

Question 18

Lin et al., 1998

Answer 18

What evidence is there for a relationship between cholinergic function and amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) processing?
What does IgG-saporin do? Where was the IgG-saporin injected in the rats?
Why do you think the authors were interested in assessing cognitive function for this study?
Interpret Figure 1A and 1B
Interpret Figure 3

Question 19

Changes in cognition w/ healthy aging

Answer 19

Dec hormone levels
Dec Processing Speed
Memory loss
Dec volume of brain/ hippocampus
Changes in perception
changes in NT levels/dec in acetohoiline and dopmian levels
dec in fun functional synapes

Question 20

Chollnergic system

Answer 20

Dec # of muscarinic receptor
dec #celinorsic cells
important for cognition memory ,leacing

Question 21

Dementia

Answer 21

serve cognition impairments in a pre… … person beyound what is expected with w/ aging .

Question 22

Alzheimers disease symptoms

Answer 22

Servere memory loss
Cognitive impairments
agation and irritiability,confusion
dec # chonlingic cells in the basal forbrain
Depression
Hallucination and delusions
dec ...recptopers

Question 23

Basal forebrain contains

Answer 23

accepor acetycholine,songs ….hipppocpus and frontal cortex

Question 24

Risk factors for AD

Answer 24

AGE
Low psyscal activity
head truma
low mental activity

Question 25

AD family

Answer 25

get it in their 40s | gene related

Question 26

Why do we need to sleep? Why do we do study Sleep? Sleep changes over the life span?

Answer 26

Not really sure We know it is bad if we dont sleep it's bad sleep deprivation causes cognitive impairments 2yrs average 8 hours teens require more sleep

Question 27

Electroence phalography eeg limits and output

Answer 27

``` Limitions not s measuring of aps in neurons measuring outside Output= eeg waves ```

Question 28

EEG wave output

Answer 28

amlitude | frequency

Question 29

Stages of sleep cycle

Answer 29

``` wake nonrem 4stages 3-4=deep sleep REM Dreams eye moving muscle atonia ```

Question 30

Wake

Answer 30

``` Sensory signals reaching brain/cortex Motor signals reaching muscles EEG WAVES: high freqency low apitutude asynchrenas activiaty lots of aps not firing at the same time ```

Question 31

Nonrem sleep

Answer 31

Sensory signails not reaching cortex reduced motor signaling eeg waves Stage 1 nrem: moderate frequency+ low amplitude Stage2 sleep spindle- burst of waves lasting 1/2 secound..K complex-sharp hifh ampplitude waves stages 3-4 nrem:deep sleep,slow wave sleep EEg waves:High,amplitude/ lowfrea ... are not as many aps...synchronized activity Sleep wake/ sleep talking

Question 32

REM sleep

Answer 32

More sensory info reaching cortex vs nrem muscle antonia/ muscle parolized rapid eye movements EEG :HIGH frequency low amplitude

Question 33

Reticular formation

Answer 33

area in brain steam involved in beahavioral arousal stimulate RF to wake some one up decrease during sleep

Question 34

EOG | EMG

Answer 34

electro-oculogram (measures eye movements) | electromyogram (measures muscle tone)

Question 35

PGO

Answer 35

p:PONS G: genicule nucles....thalamus O: OCCIPITAL CORTEX

Question 36

The Circadian Cycle of Sleep

Answer 36

Circadian pattern of sleep Self-sustained oscillation ~24 hour clock occurs in the absence of cues Circadian “clock” maintains appropriate periods of wake and sleep

Question 37

The Circadian Cycle of Sleep

Answer 37

Retinal cells: Glu SCN: GABA Pineal gland: melatonin

Question 38

Aging and Sleep

Answer 38

Aging is associated with: Decreased ability to stay asleep Decreased time spent in stage 3 and 4 of nREM sleep Slight decreases in REM associated with increased time spent awake during the night and less time sleeping overall

Question 39

Cognition and Sleep

Answer 39

Slow wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) is important for cognitive function and feeling rested Some studies report no cognitive or behavioral effects of REM deprivation in the context of undisturbed slow wave sleep Some studies show memory impairments following REM deprivation Theory that REM is important for memory formation and strengthening

Question 40

Bringing It All Together

Answer 40

Orexin neurons in the hypothalamus receive circadian information indirectly from the SCN Melatonin interacts with the neurotransmitter systems in the sleep/wake cycle Together we get a biological clock that is influenced by light and interacts with the neurotransmitters involved in maintaining wake/sleep