Quiz 2 (Ch. 3, 6, 7, 8) Flashcards

Question

How is memory related to the self?

Answer 1

Autobiographical memory is connected to psychological disorders and self-concept

Answer 2

``` Word lists (10-40) at different rates (1 or 2s per word), asked participants to memorize without considering the order Serial position curve --> primacy and recency effect, more words in the beginning and towards the end are remembered. Murdock also proposed the term "modal model" ```

Answer 3

Words close to the end are still in short-term memory when participants started to recall. Glanzer and Cunitz: adding a period of delay with backward counting to prevent rehearsal Delay eliminated the recency effect

Answer 4

Words from the beginning are rehearsed more frequently and therefore are better encoded into LTM Rundus: asked participants to rehearse aloud and recorded rehearsal frequency Curve of rehearsal frequency is similar in shape as probability of recall towards the beginning of the list

Answer 5

Form in which stimuli are represented in the mind (physiological/mental)

Answer 6

Coding in terms of meaning

Answer 7

Wickens experiment: proactive interference due to words from the same category Fruit group: performance decreased since all lists of words are fruits Profession group: performance decreased, then presented with a group of words in the fruit category (performance increased due to release from proactive interference).

Answer 8

Sachs experiment: asking participants to identify the sentence identical to a sentencein the passage they have read. Many identified sentences with same meaning but different wording.

Answer 9

``` Method used to study memory by asking participants to identify a stimulus encountered earlier (instead of recall) Stimuli presented (study period) --> new set of stimuli presented, some were presented before and others were not ```

Answer 10

``` Henry Molaison (HM): hippocampus removed (epileptic seizures), intact STM but unable to transfer into LTM Clive Wearing: damage in hippocampus due to viral infection, intact STM but damaged LTM KF: damge to parietal lobe, intact LTM but impaired STM as reflected by reduced digit span (2, while 5-9 for control), reduced recency effect ```

Answer 11

Hypothesis: correlates with size of primacy effect Bruno et al: Medial temporal lobe volume & hippocampus volume correlated with delayed primacy effect (delay of 15-20 minutes)

Answer 12

Proposed by Tulving. Episodic as mental time travel, remembering and reliving episodes from one's past. Semantic as knowing the facts, not tied to personal experience

Answer 13

KC: damage to hippocampus, lost episodic memory but knew certain things happened, could identify family members in a photo but could not recall the occasion Could recall some detail about experience prior to accident with specific probe, lower performance in general compared to control LP: encephalitis, could not recall facts/word meanings but could remember life events

Answer 14

Asked participants to write down personal events and facts, played it to them again as they were being scanned by fMR Activation in different brain areas with some overlap

Answer 15

Stimulus (old/new) shown to participant --> three responses Remember: can remember details of the encountering (recollection --> episodic) Know: know that he/she has encountered the stimulus before, but cannot recall the details of encounter (familiarity --> semantic) Don't know: no memory of the stimulus

Answer 16

Petrican et al: asked older participants about how well they remember public events (remember/know) Higher rate for forgetting remote events, but remember response decreased more than the know response. Suggests semanticization of remote memories

Answer 17

Declarative (explicit): memories that we are consciously aware of. Non-declarative (implicit): memories that we are not consciosuly aware of, learning from experience.

Answer 18

Procedural, priming, and conditioning

Answer 19

Skill memory, for doing things involving learnied skills, proficiency in different motor skills Mirror drawing task: participants view a shape through a mirror and trace it --> number of errors decrease as one repeats the task (training)

Answer 20

Expert-induced amnesia: well-learned procedural memories do not require attention (happens automatically) HM: performanced increased in mirror drawing although he did not remember practicing KC: learned to sort and stack books in library LSJ: could still play violin, lost semantic memory but could answer questions related to things involving skills (possible link).

Answer 21

Presentation of one stimulus (priming stimulus) changes the response to another stimulus (test stimulus)

Answer 22

Test stimulus is the same or resembles the priming stimulus.

Answer 23

Word stem completion task: presenting the first three letters of the words and asking participants to complete the rest --> more easily and tend to use the word presented to them before

Answer 24

Amnesiac patients performed worse than control in recall and recognition, but not in the word stem completion task.

Answer 25

More likely to rate previously encountered statement as true, even if told that the statement was false. Related to effects of advertisement

Answer 26

Pairing of two stimuli so that a neutral stimulus also generates a response. Psychotherapy Fear conditioning and anxiety --> underlying neural circuits, training --> cued extinction training

Answer 27

Process of registering information into LTM.

Answer 28

Maintenance rehearsal: with no consideration of meaning or connection to other information (little encoding, poor memory) Elaborative rehearsal: considering meaning and making connection to other information (better memory)

Answer 29

Memory depends on depth of processing. Shallow (little attention to meaning) Deep (close attention and elaborative rehearsal) Craik and Tulving: asked questions that would create different levels of processing --> deeper processing = better memory

Answer 30

Participants learn a list of word pairs --> presented with the first word of each pair and asked to recall the other word

Answer 31

Paired associate learning --> two groups: silently repeat the words/form a mental picture of the two items interacting Visual image --> better memory

Answer 32

Slamecka and Graf: generation of information enhance encoding and lead to better recall Paired associate learning, read group were presented with word pairs, generate group were asked to complete the second word (related to the first word in different ways) Performance was much better in the generate condition

Answer 33

Retrieval practice effect Karpicke and Roediger: test group performed better than rereading group after longer delay Group with less studying (similar performance), group with less testing (worse performance)

Answer 34

Potts, Davies, and Shanks: learning foreign language, Swahili words and English translations Read: read word and translation (15s) Generate: generate translation from Swahili word (10s), shown correct translation (5s) Modified Read: read word and translation (15s), after 2s into the trial, respond to "what would you have guessed?" Generate condition performed best --> generating errors does enhance memory

Answer 35

Highlighting/rereading are not effective Elaborate, generate, test, organize (related to chunking), spacing effect (shorter instead of concentrated study sessions), sleep, hand-written notes are better than notes taken with laptop (simply transcribing) Illusion of learning: greater fluency does not mean better memory (why people often think rereading is effective) Familiarity effect: tendency to interpret familiarity as knowing

Answer 36

The process of bringing information into consciousness by transferring it from LTM to working memory.

Answer 37

Matching conditions of encoding and retrieval | Encoding specificity, state-dependent learning, and transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 38

We encode information along with its context --> matching context in which encoding and retrieval occur enhances retrieval "Diving experiment": on land or in water "Quiet"/"Noise" conditions

Answer 39

Learning that is associated with a particular internal state (mood/state of consciousness) --> matching internal state enhances encoding Happy/sad conditions

Answer 40

Better retrieval if the same cognitive tasks are involved during both encoding and retrieval Meaning/rhyming conditions --> test focus on one of the two aspects Challenges levels of processing theory

Answer 41

The process of transforming memories from a fragile state (can be disrupted) to a more permanent state (resistant to disruption).

Answer 42

Structural changes as synapses, occurring in minutes/hours | Hebbs: repeated activity strengthens synapse --> greater release and increased firing (long-term potentiation)

Answer 43

Gradual reorganization of neural circuits (related to hippocampus and the cortex), occurring in months/years

Answer 44

Hippocampus makes connections to cortical areas when encoding new memories --> as time passes, connection between HC and cortex weakens (eventually fades) and connection within the cortex strengthens Hippocampus as "glue" that binds together representations of memory from different cortical areas

Answer 45

Replaying of neural activity associated with memory to the cortex by the hippocampus, which helps form direct connections between the different cortical areas

Answer 46

Loss of memory that occurred before the injury | Graded amnesia: most severe for events just before the injury and less for earlier events.

Answer 47

Hippocampus remains in active communication with the cortical areas, even for remote memories. fMRI: activity in hippocampus for remote memories, activity drops for semanticized memories

Answer 48

Determines pattern of voxel activation within various structures. Training a classifier, a computer program designed to recognize patterns --> can predict the object being viewed

Answer 49

Classifier able to identify whether the memory is recent or remote More information about remote memories contained in prefrontal cortex; both represented throughout the hippocampus, posterior containing more information about remote memories

Answer 50

Learned 24 pairs of word and translation --> "sleep" group forgot less than "awake" group Elimination of interference and enhanced consolidation Group expecting to be tested performed better after sleep

Answer 51

Better memory for emotional words/pictures Amygdala: higher fMRI activity for emotional words BP (damage in amygdala): similar performance in memory tasks, but no enhanced memory for emotional stimuli Release of stress hormones (cortisol) after emotional experience increases consolidation [putting hands in cold water] --> recalled more emotional pictures but not more neutral pictures

Answer 52

Memory for circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged events (Brown and Kulik: like taking a photo, about the event and how it was heard)

Answer 53

Measuring a person's memory immediately after a stimulus/event (baseline) --> measuring his/her memory again after a longer period of time (comparison) Flashbulb memory changes overtime (first heard in a place [e.g. classroom] --> then reported having heard on TV) Narrative rehearsal hypothesis: we remember these events not because of a special mechanism but because we rehearse them after they occur. Decay like ordinary memories, but are more vivid and believed to be remembered

Answer 54

What people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors (knowledge, expectations, experience)

Answer 55

The process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs. Source monitoring error/source misattribution --> memory errors (the source is not necessarily the original event) Cryptomnesia: unconscious plagiarism of the work of others "Becoming Famous Overnight" Experiment: delayed test made people misidentify the list of nonfamous names shown earlier as famous

Answer 56

Enhanced probability to evaluate a statement as true upon repeated presentation. Caused by fluency (ease with which a statement can be remembered) --> influences judgment

Answer 57

Barlett's "War of the Ghosts" Experiment (repeated production) --> participants made errors that made the story more consistent with their own culture Pragmatic inference: reading a sentence leads a person to expect something implied by it (making errors about the exact wording of the sentence) Schema (knowledge about some aspect of the environment) and Script (expected sequence of action) Recalling word list --> error by adding associated words

Answer 58

Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change the person's report of it. Misleading postevent information (MPI)

Answer 59

``` Disney Study (Braun, Ellis, Loftus): confidence rating in life-events inventory increased in the Disney ad condition (read and imagined experiencing); even if a false ad with Bugs Bunny influenced their confidence rating Slides of car accident: stop sign --> yield sign due to the question asked "Smashed" vs. "Hit" --> higher estimated speed, reported seeing broken glasses although there were none ```

Answer 60

Lindsay: original source --> female narrator MPI: Difficult condition --> same female narrator, shortly after the slides [27% misled] Easy condition --> a male narrator, delay of two days, right before memory test [13% misled]

Answer 61

When people think they may not have good memory of the original event Assefi and Garry: alcohol placebo study Watched movie --> given drink (half were told that it was vodka) --> MPI presented Told-alcohol group had a stronger misinformation effect.

Answer 62

Disney study Heard about an unremembered event (1st interview) --> reported more details of it (2nd interview) Presented a fake picture --> some "remembered" the event (hot air balloon trip) Therapy to recover repressed childhood memory: hypnosis, guided imagery, strong suggestion --> false memory implanted

Answer 63

Perception and action: participants often identify the gun man even though the picture was not included Weapon focus: focusing attention on weapon --> narrowing of attention; more details recalled in "no shoot" condition than "shoot condition" Familiarity: bystanders misidentified as perpetrator (male teacher presented before crime film --> more likely to be identified as perpetrator) Suggestion: post-identification feedback effect --> confirming feedback increases confidence

Answer 64

Informing that perpetrator may not be present "Blind" administrator (not knowing who the suspect is) High similarity (reduces the chance of identifying perpetrator when present slightly, but reduces the chance of misidentifying a person when not present greatly) Rate of confidence immediately Cognitive interview: no interruption, help them recreate the situation

Answer 65

Gambling game --> shown manipulated video of participants cheating --> all confessed Creation of false event in childhood memory Central Park Five (presented with false evidence) --> confessed although they were innocent

Quiz 2 (Ch. 3, 6, 7, 8) Flashcards

(89 cards)