Quiz 2 (Ch. 4-6) Flashcards by Emma Spradling

Movements of the Larynx

Lengthen/shorten vertically
Inward & outwards of lateral walls
Forwards & backwards of posterior walls
Forwards & backwards of velum, tongue, epiglottis

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movements of the mandible

upwards
downwards
backwards
side to side

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The upper lip stays still on the _____ while the bottom lip moves with the _____

maxilla
mandible

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what is the Pharyngeal-Oral Lumen Size and Configuration?

the inner open space of the pharynx
and oral cavity

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what is Pharyngeal-Oral Contact Pressure?

the articulators work together to obstruct the lumen at different places. When they press together or work together, P is created

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What is the Pharyngeal-Oral airway resistance?

airflow is changed by articulators

cross-section of airway plays largest role in creating resistance

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What plays the largest role in creating airway resistance?

cross-section of airway

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What is the pharyngeal-oral acoustic impendence?

sound energy will come out differently depending on what areas of the cross-section are changed

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Describe a vowel

tongue height
tongue advancement
tense
roundedness

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Describe a consonant

obstruents or sonorants

differ from vowels due to production locations, production manner, voiced or voiceless

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Forward articulation

Right to left
anticipatory sounds

upcoming sound influences currently produced sound

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Backward articulation

left to right
“carryover” sounds

previous sound will influence a currently produced sound

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What does nasal airflow tell you about velopharyngeal status when measured during
speech production?

if the velopharyngeal port is open or closed

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what is phonation threshold pressure?

the lowest oral pressure we produce when we speak as quietly as we can without turning into whispering

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How can velopharyngeal closure be achieved?

elevation of velum

bringing lateral pharyngeal walls inward

1&2 + bring posterior pharyngeal wall forward

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How does head position influence velopharyngeal function?

depends on gravity, so if you are lying down
the velum will be in a slightly more closed position (closer to back of oropharynx).

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How does velopharyngeal-nasal function for speech production change with age?

due to structural changes

ex. palates grow, larynx moves down

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where is the velopharyngeal-nasal apparatus located?

head
neck

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what are the 3 cavities of the pharynx?

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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what are the 4 sinuses?

maxillary
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid

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what is hypernasality?

too much air escaping the nose

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what is hyponasality?

too little air escaping the nose?

ex. a cold

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what is nasal cycling?

Magnitude of resistance alternates from side to side; that is, the left side congests and decongests while the right side does the opposite

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what is nasal-oral switching?

When nasal pathway resistance gets too high (due to congestion or high airflow), there is a switch to oral or oral-nasal breathing

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2 roles of the velopharyngeal-nasal apparatus

manage airstream for oral consonants

______ are more likely to be produced with a closed velopharynx, greater velar height, and greater or closer contact between velum and posterior pharyngeal wall

high vowels

sustained fricative consonants are produced with...

closed velopharynx

sustained nasal consonants are produced with...

open velopharynx

by about ____ months, the velopharynx closes for oral sound production all the time

infants are preferential....

nasal breathers

what apparatuses form the upper airway?

pharyngeal-oral velopharyngeal-nasal

how many teeth do we have?

32 (maxilla and mandible both have 16)

what is the oral vestibule?

front part of the oral cavity lips, cheeks, front teeth, anterior parts of maxilla/mandible

what 2 things change the size/shape of the pharyngeal tube?

tongue epiglottis

what is sound generation?

creation of an acoustic source

what is sound filtering?

shaping of the sound source

what are transient sounds?

popping/stops airstream is interrupted and released

what are turbulence sounds?

fricatives/hissing air is forced thro narrow constriction

What is the source filter theory?

the generation of speech sounds by positing that a source of sound (vocal fold vibrations, fricative noise, or both together) is filtered through the air spaces in the vocal tract

sounds produced with open pharyngeal-oral or nasal airways

sonorants

sounds produced w/ a constriction or obstruction

obstruents

overlapping articulatory events

coproduction

this is the constriction between the tongue and alveolar process

front place

this is the constriction btw the tongue and hard palate

central place

this is the constriction btw the tongue and posterior pharyngeal wall

back place

measures lung volume and airflow

spirometry

name the 3 types of measurement

spirometry chest wall surface tracking manometry

lung volume change over time

airflow

measured by tracking movements of the chest wall surface and measures the chest wall shape

chest wall surface tracking

Consist of two pairs of generator-sensor coils, one for the rib cage wall and one for the abdominal wall type of chest wall surface tracking

respiratory magnetometer

Consist of elastic bands embedded with electric wires, one for the rib cage wall and one for the abdominal wall when the bands lengthen and shorten, the signal changes accordingly

respiratory inductance plethysmograph

_____ allows for relatively natural speech production because the face is unencumbered

chest wall surface tracking

this measurement measures pressure

manometry

what is the P of interest for manometry?

alveolar pressure

The tongue is held forward and a rigid pole is inserted through the oral cavity into the oropharynx can only study vowels

rigid endoscopy

flexible tube is inserted thro nose and velopharynx to pharynx studies running speech production

flexible endoscopy

can be used with a constant light source or with a stroboscopic (flashing) light source

endoscopy

gives the optical illusion of slowing vocal fold vibration so that individual cycles appear to be seen with the naked eye

stroboscopy

records at a rate of about 30 frames/second (thus the need for stroboscopy)

standard videoendoscopy

two electrodes placed on the neck between which a slight current flows

electroglottography

reflects the resistance of the laryngeal airway to the air flowing through it

laryngeal airway resistance

Visualize the velopharyngeal-nasal structures The endoscope is positioned above the velopharynx

nasendoscopy

if nasal air pressure is + during speech production, the velopharynx is...

open

Several small markers are fixed to visible speech structures Movements of the lips and jaw can be tracked in three dimensions over time

optoelectronic tracking

When the tongue touches an electrode, the electrode responds by lighting up

EPG monitoring

expert in speech disorders affecting all speech subsystems

SLP

professional who provides guidance and support for emotional distress that can accompany (or cause) a speech disorder

psychologist

physician who specializes in disorders of the nervous system

neurologist

physician who specializes in medical imaging

radiologist

physician with expertise in breathing disorders

pulmonologist

therapist who carries out evaluation and management procedures requested by a pulmonologist

respiratory therapist

professional with expertise in body positioning and movement

physical therapist

physician who specializes in ear (oto), nose (rhino), and throat (laryngo) disorders; called an ENT

Otorhinolaryngologist

physician who performs surgery and reconstruction of deformed or damaged body parts

plastic surgeon

specialist in the care and repair of teeth

dentist

dentist who specializes in fabricating prostheses to replace missing or poorly functioning structures

Prosthodontist

what is the voice source spectrum?

combination of frequencies and sound pressure levels that relate to the quality of the voice.

what are the 3 pharyngeal constrictors?

superior middle inferior

5 parts of the tongue

tip blade dorsum body root

known as the articulatory part of the speech mechanism

pharyngeal-oral apparatus

the nasal septum is made of...

bone cartilage

the esophagus is continuous with the...

lower end of pharynx

what helps with the opening of the eustachian tube?

palatal tensor

inspirations during running speech usually occur through...

mouth and nose

the _____ muscle moves the lips the greatest number of directions

orbicularis oris

spirometry measures...

lung volume airflow

______ measure is a measure that can provide info about VF health & function

phonation threshold

3 ways consonants are described

voice place manner

Quiz 2 (Ch. 4-6) Flashcards

(88 cards)