Quiz 2 (Chapters 5, 6, and 7)

Question 1

Protein Structures:
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Answer 1

-amino acid sequence
-hydrogen bonds between polypeptide backbone forms: ahelix b pleated sheet
-three dimensional fully folded polypeptide
-more than one polypeptide chain bonded together

Question 2

What is Microfilaments?

Answer 2

strands that help maintain cell shape during muscle contraction, cell motility, division of cells, and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells

Question 3

What is Microtubes?

Answer 3

hollow tubes that maintain the shape of the cell when there is chromosome or organelle movement

Question 4

Monomers and Polymers: Macromolecules

Answer 4

-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

-Lipids

Question 5

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 5

Smooth: no ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and glycogen hydrolysis

Rough: has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis

Question 6

What is Intermediate filaments?

Answer 6

cables of fibrous proteins that anchor the nucleus and other organelles inside the cell

Question 7

What is a nucleotide (and what is it made of)?

Answer 7

sequences of genetic information composed of pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nucleobase

Question 8

What is Macromolecules?

Answer 8

a very large polymer composed of smaller molecules

Question 9

Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 9

-no double bonds, tightly packed and solid at room temperature
-double bonds, unable to be tightly packed and liquid at room temperature

Question 10

DNA vs. RNA

Answer 10

Deoxyribonucleic acid
-double stranded
-antiparallel and complimentary
-held together by hydrogen bonds

Ribonucleic acid
-involved in protein synthesis
-single stranded
-uracil instead of thyamine

Question 11

What is Lysosome?

Answer 11

enzyme that breaks down anything not needed in the cell

Question 12

What is the function of an RNA molecule?

Answer 12

protein synthesis

Question 13

What is Pyrimidine bases?

Answer 13

single ring structure
-cytosine
-thymine
-uracil

Question 14

What is Purine bases?

Answer 14

two fused rings
-adenine
-guinine

Question 15

Starch and Cellulose Digestion

Answer 15

humans have the enzymes that can hydrolyze the a-glycosidic linkages of starch, but not the b-glycosidic linkages of cellulose

Question 16

Deoxyribose sugars vs. Ribose sugars

Answer 16

deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on the carbon2

Question 17

Hydrolysis and Dehydration reaction

Answer 17

-requires water and breaks a polymer into monomers
-removes water and joins monomers to build polymers

Question 18

Light microscopy vs. electron microscopy

Answer 18

-1,000x and can see movement
-100,000x and can see layers, but no movement

Question 19

What is cell fractionation?

Answer 19

separating different organelles to find relation between function and structure of individual organelles

Question 20

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Answer 20

-bacteria, archaea: no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
-fungi, plantae, annimalia: nucleus, membrane bound organelles

Question 21

What is a Ribosome?

Answer 21

constructs a cell’s proteins

Question 22

What is Mitochondria?

Answer 22

powerhouse of the cell, site of cellular respiration

Question 23

What is a Vacuole?

Answer 23

tupperware of the cell

Question 24

What is Chrloroplasts?

Answer 24

organelles found in plants that photosynthesize, similar to the mitochondria in an animal cell

Question 25

What is cytoskeleton?

Answer 25

network of fibers that allow for organization of organelles within a cell

Question 26

What is Extracellular matrix?

Answer 26

protects an animal cell, similar to the cell wall of a plant cells

Question 27

What is glycolipids?

Answer 27

carbohydrate group attached to the lipids of the cell membrane

Question 28

What is glycoproteins?

Answer 28

carbohydrate group attached to the proteins

Question 29

What is cholesterol?

Answer 29

strong substance between lipids that enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when temperature drops

Question 30

What is Fluid Mosaic Model?

Answer 30

states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it

Question 31

What is phospholipids?

Answer 31

amphipatic molecules that are the most abundant lipid in the membrane

Question 32

What is peripheral proteins?

Answer 32

loosely bound to the surface of the membrane (antigens)

Question 33

What is integral proteins?

Answer 33

penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across the whole membrane (transmembrane proteins, pumps)

Question 34

What is aquaporins?

Answer 34

channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water molecules

Question 35

What is Lipid bilayer and Phospholipids (hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties)?

Answer 35

-polar hydrophilic heads -non-polar hydrophobic tails -nonpolar molecules pass -polar molecules pass slowly (water)

Question 36

What is Endocytosis?

Answer 36

the folding of the lipid bilayer to take in substances

Question 37

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 37

a form of endocytosis where the lipid bilayer folds around something to eat it (cell eating)

Question 38

What is Pinocytosis?

Answer 38

non-specific process of cell digestion that is continual (cellular drinking)

Question 39

What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Answer 39

selective process triggered by molecular signals

Question 40

what is Centrioles?

Answer 40

a pair of cylindrical organelles involved in the making of spindle fibers in cell division

Question 41

What is Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 41

a group of vesicles that receive, concentrate, package, and sort proteins

Question 42

What is Peroxisome?

Answer 42

Oxidated organelles