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Indigenous Studies 1000 > Quiz 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of marriage exchanges?

A

gift exchange, bride service, bride-price/bride-wealth, dowry

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2
Q

describe gift exchange

A

small items are offered, other family matches

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3
Q

describe bride service

A

husband works for brides father/ brother

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4
Q

describe bride price

A

(valued) bride moves to grooms family & in return property moves from grooms family to brides

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5
Q

describe dowry

A

daughter & land move to grooms family (no bride value)

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of decentralized political systems

A

band & tribe

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7
Q

carrying capacity of bands

A

small groups because carrying capacity is limited due to constant moving

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8
Q

social density of bands

A

constant flux

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9
Q

birth spacing of bands

A

children widely spaced, long term nursing

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10
Q

4 impacts of bands on human societies

A

1- sexual division of labor
2- food sharing (cooperation not competition)
3- cultural adaptations (mobile)
4- egalitarianism (status differences ≠ inequality)

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11
Q

describe the political structure of bands (4)

A

-uncomplicated
-politically autonomous
-ambilocal
-low numbers

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12
Q

describe band conflict resolution

A

-settled by gossip & negotiation
-made by community consensus
-if fail, one member can go live with a relative’s band

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13
Q

2 ways tribes are organized

A

kinship or association

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14
Q

describe decentralization of a tribe

A

tribes break down into separate bands/ villages

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15
Q

describe tribal organization by association

A

age grades: category of people by age, everyone passes through every stage
age sets: people initiated into age grades at the same time & move through categories together

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16
Q

describe the example of the warrior societies of the great plains as common interest organization

A

seven military societies joined tribe, boys joined one when they reached age. All societies had functions within the tribe

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17
Q

describe how groups within tribes respond to enemies or starvation

A

sacrifice some autonomy for greater security when joining other groups

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18
Q

tribal subsistence strategies

A

H/G, horticulture & pastoralism had greatest yield

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19
Q

describe the Big Men or Woman tribe (authority type, functions, basis of Tonowi wealth, political clout

A

authority- PERSONAL, combines tribe welfare & self interest
functions- political: represents group to outsiders, legal: judge & advisor, economic: redistributes & pig stuff, social: induces cooperation, expeditions, and communal projects
wealth- success at pig breeding, influx ensures power shifts
politics- gets power from loans, takes apprentices to act as body guards (patron-client)

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20
Q

describe a clan

A

kinship organization based on a common ancestor

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21
Q

roles of the elder in a clan (4)

A

regulates affairs, represents, makes council, promotes cooperation

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22
Q

describe segmentary lineage organization

A

less extensive than clan
economy just above subsistence level
lineages produce goods
no political officers

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23
Q

describe the leopard skin chief

A

no ties to lineage and promotes compensation & negotiation (safe place)

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24
Q

describe centralized political systems

A

power by chiefdom (individual) or state (group)

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25
describe chiefdom
-2 or more groups organized under chief who is top of the hierarchy. -chief office is hereditary -facilitate war/ conquest due to greed
26
describe chiefdom economics
-redistribution system -chiefs have power to make people do things (military, labor)
27
describe coercion in chiefdoms
chiefs gain personal wealth, passed on. Are status indicators
28
describe the state
-most formal political org. -centralized gov can use force to regulate affairs
29
describe market economy
distribution of goods based on use of locations
30
describe a barter market
- exchange of goods, immediately -smaller agriculture (ex water vessel for grain)
31
describe silent trade
barter where no communication is made, usually between groups of different languages
32
two forms of money
specialized or generalized
33
special purpose money
exchange restricted to buying single or restricted number of commodities (coins, blankets, stamps)
34
general purpose money
universal medium of exchange, buying/ selling any item
35
what makes politics evolve into codified structures (2)?
population growth & social need for order
36
2 forms of law
formally defined legal rules informal customs
37
what are the 4 characteristics of law?
legal authority universal application legal rights & duties sanction
38
describe legal authority
right to compel others to obey laws by force or threat
39
describe universal application
legal authority should apply the same laws under the same circumstances (consistency)
40
describe legal rights/ duties
defining rules between persons about what guidelines should be followed if rights have been violated
41
describe sanctions
action taken by authority when law is violated (ex punishment, loss of privilege, & benefits)
42
what are the 6 types of peaceful conflict resolutions
negotiation, mediation, community action, courts, religious institutions, compensation
43
describe compensation
payment allows injured party to withdraw with honor
44
describe negotiation
communication between parties directly
45
describe mediation
negotiation between parties with neutral third party
46
describe community action
entire society resolves (song duels)
47
describe courts
institution that asserts authority over parties to dispute, impose sanctions
48
describe religious institutions, oaths, & ordeals
when law enforcement is weak oaths- swearing innocence on pain of punishment ordeals- dangerous acts where supernatural forces decide verdict
49
4 types of violent conflict resolution
retribution, feuds, raids, and warefare
50
describe retribution
personal use of force to redress wrongs
51
describe feuds
armed conflict between kin groups
52
raids
organized violence from one group to another for economic benefit
53
warfare
armed combat between political communities
54
animism
spirt souls in all of nature, part of worldview
55
animatism
all things have personality from spirit but not soul
56
imitative magic
like produces like
57
contagious magic
things in contact remain in contact, influence each other after separation
58
doctrine of signatures (law of similarity)
like produces like, appearance of plant helps use of plant (red for blood, yellow for jaundice)
59
law of contagion
once in contact a link persists unless formal cleansing or exorcism breaks the bond
60
indian medicine
gave us cocaine, curare, early birth control pill, antibiotics
61
counter acculturation
record of impact of FN knowledge on settlers
62
3 causes of disease
human, natural, supernatural
63
example of spirit intrusion
what possessed me to do that, what go into that child!, step on a crack...
64
The shaman
medicine man, not just physician (healers, educators, priests)
65
emetic
causes vomiting
66
purge
evacuate bowels free from impurities
67
3 phases of rites of passage
1- separation 2- transition/ liminality 3- reincorporation
68
separation
symbolically or physically removed from previous status (moved, undressed, painted)
69
transition/ liminality (communitas)
body between phases, deep mental impact, longest & most creative phase (minds become one)
70
reincorporation
readmitted to social life with new status (pronouncing mr & misses smith)
71
great game extinction
younger dryas (11500BC) no domesticated game survived except turkeys and dogs, animal disease didn't occur in americas/ australia
72
5 effects of new diseases in americas
1- ecological disruption 2- pathogens 3- interference with social order 4- persecution of resisters 5- social fragmentation/ reorganization
73
examples of newly introduced diseases
smallpox, measles, whooping cough, malaria, TB
74
virgin soil epidemics
spread from village to village because they were new
75
herd immunity
antibodies provided protection from a portion to unprotected group
76
catastrophist position
disease reached FN before Europeans, catastrophic mortality before written docs record it
77
gradualist position
disease wasn't significant in depopulation until early contact, population declines were slow
78
epidemiologic/ health transition
infectious to chronic
79
determinants of health model (6)
genetic susceptibility, physical environment, personal lifestyle, society, economy, culture
80
4 dimensions of medicine wheel
physical, mental, emotional, spiritual
81
doctrine of discovery & terra nullus
asset of title under terra nullus (unoccupied land)
82
legal question of imperium & dominium
do indigenous people show "full humanity", thus having rights to imperium (liberty) and dominium (property)
83
3 ways indigenous titles of land could be removed
if land was later abandoned, if just war was waged, if sanctioned negotiations & formal agreements made sale
84
4 attitudes of FN to treaties
1- breaking treaty breaks political relationship 2-treaties cant be devalued 3- agreements were negotiated by sovereign nations 4- important when relations between canadians and FN's are being defined
85
how many treaties since 1975
13
86
3 approaches to conflict when nations claimed right to the same territory
1- go to war, winner wins 2- for alliances & make trade guidelines 3- negotiate treaty
87
how were political differences solved between FN
councils- engage adversaries to resolve problems, ceremonies & gift exchange common
88
today treaties are defined as...
agreements between sovereign nation negotiated by commissioners and approved by governments
89
north vs south transformation at contact
north - slow 900 yrs south - rapid, 400 yrs
90
3 types of first contacts
collisions (transmission of disease & slave trade), relationships (trade, missionaries), and contacts (pristine- no knowledge of eachother or hearsay- debris left by a group)
91
first recorded encounter
dorset & beothuk in eastern arctice
92
prestige trumped material accumulations
wealth wasn't measured only by material goods, but songs, sharing, rituals

Indigenous Studies 1000 (5 decks)

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