Quiz 2 vocabulary

Question 1

Acidophil

Answer 1

Cells with cytoplasmic granules that stain readily with acid dyes. Acidophils of the anterior pituitary gland secrete prolactin and growth hormone.

Question 2

Agonist

Answer 2

a substance that can bind to a receptor and act like a native substance resulting in the normal physiologic response

Question 3

Anastomosis

Answer 3

A communication between two hollow parts, organs or vessels, that are normally separate.

Question 4

Antagonist

Answer 4

a substance that inhibits the normal action of a hormone or native substance.

Question 5

Androgen

Answer 5

Hormones with masculinizing properties.

Question 6

Autocrine communication

Answer 6

When a hormone stimulates the same cell from which it is secreted

Question 7

Basophil

Answer 7

A group of cells containing granules which stain readily with basic dyes. Basophils of the anterior pituitary gland secrete follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 8

Bioassay

Answer 8

Qualitative or quantitative determination of a substance using living biological material, e.g. rats, mice

Question 9

Cryptorchidism

Answer 9

Failure of the mammalian testes to descent into the scrotum

Question 10

Down regulation

Answer 10

decrease in the number of receptors on a target tissue.

Question 11

Endocrinology

Answer 11

The study of the actions and interactions of the secretions of the endocrine glands

Question 12

Endocrine secretion

Answer 12

Secretion of a hormone from an endocrine gland which is transported in the blood to a target organ

Question 13

Endocrine gland

Answer 13

A gland that secretes its product directly into the blood instead into ducts

Question 14

Endogenous

Answer 14

That which originates within the body.

Question 15

Enzyme

Answer 15

A protein capable of accelerating some biochemical change in its substrate for which it is usually specific. Enzyme names normally end in “ase (e.g. adenylate cyclase or lipase).

Question 16

Estrogen

Answer 16

Hormones that promote estrus and stimulate secondary sexual characteristics in females

Question 17

Exocrine secretion

Answer 17

Secretion of a product into a duct

Question 18

Exogenous

Answer 18

That which is introduced into the body from outside

Question 19

Feedback (positive and negative)

Answer 19

a physiological mechanism by which the secretion of a
hormone from a target organ is either inhibited (negative feedback) or stimulated (positive feedback) when the circulating concentration of the hormone attains a specific level

Question 20

An example of negative feedback

Answer 20

LH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum. As circulating concentrations of progesterone increase, in the blood, progesterone binds to receptors in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to decrease the secretion of GnRH and LH, respectively

Question 21

An example of positive
feedback

Answer 21

H from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates estradiol secretion from the Graafian follicle. As circulating concentrations of estradiol increase in the blood, during the preovulatory period, estradiol binds to receptors in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to increase the secretion of GnRH and LH, respectively

Question 22

Glycoprotein

Answer 22

Protein conjugated with a carbohydrate group

Question 23

Gonad

Answer 23

A primary sex gland, an ovary or testis.

Question 24

Half life

Answer 24

the time required for one half of a substance (e.g. hormone concentration) to be cleared from the body

Question 25

Homeostasis

Answer 25

Maintenance of a constant internal environment. This is the goal of physiological mechanisms

Question 26

Hormone

Answer 26

a chemical signal that is secreted directly into the blood by an endocrine gland and that elicits a physiological response from a target tissue.

Question 27

Hormone receptor down regulation

Answer 27

a reduction in the number of receptors for a specific hormone

Question 28

Hypophysectomy

Answer 28

Removal of the hypophysis (pituitary) by surgery.

Question 29

Hypophysis

Answer 29

Pituitary gland

Question 30

Hypothalamic nucleus

Answer 30

a collection of nerve cell bodies in a specific location within the hypothalamus that control a physiological response. An example of a hypothalamic nucleus is the tonic center which is a collection of cell bodies of neuroendocrine cells that synthesize GnRH and are responsive to negative feedback in males and females.

Question 31

Intracrine communication

Answer 31

When a hormone stimulates a cell without being secreted

Question 32

Kinase

Answer 32

An enzyme that phosphorylates a protein (e.g. Protein kinase)

Question 33

Ligand

Answer 33

any substance (e.g. protein, hormone, functional group) that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity.

Question 34

Lipoprotein

Answer 34

A protein conjugated with a lipid

Question 35

Luteotropin

Answer 35

a hormone or signal that promotes the maintenance and function of a corpus luteum.

Question 36

Luteolysin

Answer 36

hormone or signal that causes the corpus luteum to regress (luteolysis)

Question 37

Morphogenesis

Answer 37

The development of form; the development undergone by an organism to approximate to the type of its species.

Question 38

Morphology

Answer 38

The science of the form and structure of organisms

Question 39

Neurohormone

Answer 39

a hormone that is secreted directly from a neuron into the blood

Question 40

Paracrine communication

Answer 40

When a hormone stimulates an adjacent cell without entering the blood.

Question 41

Phosphorylation

Answer 41

Addition of a phosphate group to a protein. Phosphorylation is an important process for activating or inhibiting the biological activity of a protein.

Question 42

Physiology

Answer 42

The science which deals with the functions of the living body and its organs.

Question 43

Progestogen (Progestin)

Answer 43

A hormone that has biological activity similar to progesterone

Question 44

Signal transduction

Answer 44

a molecular biology term in which a signal outside a cell causes a response inside a cell. An example would be the binding of LH to a cell surface receptor to cause an intracellular increase in cAMP

Question 45

Steroid

Answer 45

A group name for compounds that chemically resemble cholesterol: sex hormones are members of this group

Question 46

Steroidogenesis

Answer 46

the synthesis of a steroid by a cell

Question 47

Synergism

Answer 47

The joint action of two or more hormones or structures so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual affects