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AGSC 310 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

reproductive behavior

A

promote the opportunity for copulation and increase probability of conception

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2
Q

goals of copulation

A

pregnancy, embryogenesis, parturition

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3
Q

male repro behavior stages

A

precopulatory, copulatory, postcopulatory

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4
Q

precopulatory stage events

A

search for sexual partner, courtship, arousal, erection, penile protrusion

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5
Q

copulatory stage events

A

mounting, intromission, ejaculation

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6
Q

short copulators

A

bull, ram, buck, tom

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7
Q

sustained copulators

A

boar, dog, camelids

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8
Q

copulatory stage is…

A

learned behavior, negative experiences will result in less enthusiasm, positive stimuli should be provided

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9
Q

post copulatory stage events

A

dismount, refractory period, memory

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10
Q

refractory period

A

time which a second copulation will not take place

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11
Q

reproductive stages in female

A

attractivity, proceptivity, receptivity

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12
Q

attractivity

A

behaviors that attract males to engage in precopulatory behavior: postural changes, vocalization, increased physical activity, pheromones

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13
Q

initiation of courtship-specific behavior is generally under the influence of…

A

the female

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14
Q

proceptivity

A

behaviors exhibited by females that stimulate the male to copulate or reinitiate behavior: head butting, mounting, interaction with other females

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15
Q

receptivity

A

copulatory behavior that ensures insemination: immobility or lordosis

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16
Q

postcopulatory behavior

A

vocal emissions, genital grooming, changing posture, licking nuzzling

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17
Q

reproductive behaviors are programmed during…

A

prenatal development through feminization, defeminiation, or masculinization of the brain

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18
Q

feminization of the brain

A

absence of estradiol in the brain of the developing female

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19
Q

defeminization of the brain

A

reduces likelihood that animal will express female-like behavior postpubertally

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20
Q

masculinization

A

results in the potential of the animal to develop male-like behavior after puberty

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21
Q

sex differences in male to control repro behavior

A

preoptic area of hypothalamus is larger than females, size of neurons and dendritic arborizations are greater

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22
Q

sex differences in female to control repro behavior

A

ventromedial hypothalamus is more important with regard of repro behavior

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23
Q

female fetuses

A

exposed to androgens prenatally will display sig reduced female behavior

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24
Q

male fetuses

A

exposed to extrogen or progesterone are unaffected

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25
reproductive behavior is controlled by the...
CNS in response to sensory signals: visual, olfactory, auditory, tactile
26
Sensory signals that stimulate sexual behavior
olfactory, auditory, visual, tactile
27
olfactory and vomeronasal systems respond to pheromones...
critical to trigger reproductive behavior
28
sex pheromones produced by males
boars: preputial pouch secretion and pheromonal-like substance present in saliva
29
pheromonal-like substance
secreted by submaxillary gland, androgen metabilites, 3a-androstenol and 5a-androstenol very foamy
30
Flehmen behavior
less volitile detected by vomeronasal organ in bull, ram, stallion special investigative maneuver of male when in close proximity to male
31
Flehmen behavior signs
evoked by vaginal secretions, hard elevation and curling of upper lip, substances aspirated to nasopalatine duct into vomeronasal organ
32
female flehmen behavior
fluids with placenta, newborns, other volatile materials displayed post-parturient females to identify own neonate
33
auditory stimulation
mating calls cows: increase bellowing sows: grunting queens: vocalize repeatedly mares/ewes: silent more useful in long-range
34
visual stimulation
sexual posturing that is visualized by male- this also stimulates male mating behavior bulls used for AI will be placed in "warm-up stalls"
35
tactile stimulation
final stimulus before copulation. evokes sexual postures by females mare: biting on neck Stallion: rubbing flanks Cow: chin resting on bull queens: biting neck
36
penile erection and protrusion
elevated arterial blood inflow: vasodialation of arterioles restriction venous blood outflow: blood trapped in cavernous spaces
37
erection complex series of neural and vasomotor events
erotogenic stimuli cause inward sensory nerves to fire, terminals synapse with behavior center, hypothalamic neurons synapse with PNS and SNS efferent neurons that control vascular smooth muscle
38
control of penile vascular smooth muscle for erection
1. neurons stimulate signal to penis 2. PNS neurons release NO(principle neurotransmitter that drives) 3. NO converts GTP to cGMP 4. cGMP causes vasodilation which allows for erection
39
ejaculations times and stimulation
bull/ram: 1-2 seconds after intromission; stim by warm temperature stallion: 30s-1min; stim by pressure boar: up to 30 min; pressure dog: 50min
40
refractory period depends on:
degree of sexual rest prior to copulation, age of male, species, number of previous ejaculations, degree of female novelty
41
Sexual satiation
further stimuli will not cause responsiveness or motivation under a given set of stimulus conditions
42
Sperm transportation in female tract
lost via retrograde transport and many are phagocytized by leukocytes, remaining traverse the cervix and uterus and enter oviduct, sperm undergo capacitation before fertilizing egg, when sperm encounter egg they undergo acrosome reaction
43
high estradiol stimulates...
elevated tone of muscularis
44
prostaglandins cause...
increased tone and motility of uterus and oviduct
45
prostaglandins cause...
increased tone and motility of uterus and oviduct
45
prostaglandins cause...
increased tone and motility of uterus and oviduct
46
prostaglandins cause...
increased tone and motility of uterus and oviduct
47
transport of spermatozoa following copulation can be divided into two phases
rapid transport and sustained transport
48
rapid transport phase
sperm arriving in the oviducts within minutes after copulation are not viable, result of elevated tone and motility of muscularis
49
sustained transport phase
MOST IMPORTANT, sperm transported to oviducts, move into isthmus and attach to the oviductal epithelium (sperm docking)
50
sperm docking
crucial to sperm servival and elicits a signal cascade in the sperm that promotes viability, without docking sperm die within 6-10 hours after insemination
51
capacitation
changes that allow sperm to be fertile associated with biochemical and physiological changes in the head and flagellum of sperm- expressing the ability to interact with the egg due to alterations in the head
52
fertilization
motility patterns become hyperactive, frenzied motion that is localized- thought to facilitate sperm-oocyte contact
53
fertilization requires:
zona binding proteins, zona binding sites, glycoprotiens of zona pellucida
54
zona binding proteins
on plasma mebrane that bind to zona pellucida proteins
55
glycoprotiens of zona protein
ZP1, ZP2, (structural proteins) ZP3 (receptor for a hormone)
56
Zona binding sites
1. primary ZBR: reacts with ZP3 for physical attachment 2. acrosome reaction promoting ligand: begins initiated acrosomal reaction
57
acrosomal reaction
enables sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida, modifies equatorial segment so that it can later fuse with plasma membrane of the oocyte
58
hydrolytic enzymes released from acrosome reactio
acrosin, hyaluronidase, zona lysin, esterases, acidic hydrolases
59
acrosin
enhances ability to bind to zona because proacrosin has a stronger affinity for zona
60
fertilization
when spermatozoon completely penetrates the zona and reaches the perivitelline space plasma membrane fuses with equatorial segment and spermatozoon is engulfed
61
fusion of oocyte plasma membrane and equatorial segment
brought about by a fusion protein activated by vesiculation and release of acrosomal content
62
cortical reaction
movement of cortical granules to the periphery of the oocyte cytoplasm during the first and second meiotic divisions of oogenesis
63
polyspermy
fertilization of oocyte by more than one spermatozoon
64
zona block
zona pellucida undergoes biochemical changes that prevent penetration of further sperm
65
pronuclei formation
allows male and female DNA to form a single nucleus, sperm nucleus must decondense
66
syngamy
fusion of male and female pronuclei zygote enters first stages of embyrogenesis following this
67
fertile lifespan of sperm after deposition on female tract
dog: 9-11 days cow: 1.5-2 mare: 4-5 woman: 5-6

AGSC 310 (1 decks)

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