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General Pathlogy > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference in cellular destruction b/w acute and delayed transfusion rxns

A

acute- preexisting Ab, MAC

delayed- phagocytosed

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2
Q

for rheumatic fever hyaluronidase antigen attacks what?

A

heart valve

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3
Q

for rhematic fever group A carbohydrates antigen attacks what?

A

basal ganglia

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4
Q

for rheumatic fever M protein Antigen leads to attack of what?

A

heart muscle

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5
Q

For rhematic fever Immune complexes lead to what

A

vaculitis, erythema marginatum, rheumatic nodule, and glomerulonephritis

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6
Q

describe positive selection for T cell tolerance

A

has to recognize self

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7
Q

describe negative selection for T cell tolerance

A

can’t be too self-reactive

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8
Q

2 viruses associated w/ polyclonal B cell activation

A

EB and HIV

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9
Q

describe polyarteritis nodosa

A

autoimmune rxn against Hep B surface protein

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10
Q

Type 1 diabetes– antibody or T cell mediated

A

T cell

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11
Q

MS –antibody or T cell mediated

A

T

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12
Q

sjogren syndrome antibody or T cell mediated

A

T

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13
Q

describe Sjorgren’s

A

T cells destroy exocrine glands specifically salivary and lacrimal glands

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14
Q

systemic sclerosis antibody or T cell mediated

A

T

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15
Q

rheumatoid arthritis – antibody or T cell mediated

A

both

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16
Q

IBD –antibody or T cell mediated

A

T

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17
Q

describe Rheumatoid Factor

A

80% of peeps w/ RA have Rheumatoid FActor

autoantibodies to Fc protion of IgG typically IgM, so can build huge antigen-antibody complexes

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18
Q

environmental factor for RA

A

citrullinated proteins ie arginine modified to citrulline

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19
Q

3 features of nephrotic syndrome

A

proteinuria
hypoalbumenemia
edema

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20
Q

Describe how primary amyloidsosis comes about

A

tons of light chains produced , usually because of multiple myeloma, or other plasma cell tumor
limited proteolysis to AL protein. AL accumulates

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21
Q

describe how secondary amyloidosis arises

A

chronic inflammation leads to macrophage activation which produces serum amyloid associated protein/ acute phase protein
limited proteolysis to AA protein

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22
Q

describe how Alzheimer’s / AB amyloidosis arises?

A

amyloid precursor protein is cut by secretases and AB accumulates and forms plaques

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23
Q

neuropathic familial amyloidosis arises from what?

A

mutated transthyretin

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24
Q

cardiopathic familial amyloidosis arises from what?

A

mutated transthyretin

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25
nephropathic familial amyloidosis arises from what?
incomplete degradation of protein A
26
senile systemic amyloidosis arises from what
mutated transthyretin
27
B2 microglobulin associated amyloidosis arises how
``` from MHC class 1 present in patients w/ long term hemodialysis ```
28
which SCID is X linked
from cytokine receptor deficiency
29
Wiskott Aldrich has what kind of inheritance?
X linked
30
hyper IgM has what kind of inheritance
X linekd
31
c1 Inhibitor deficiency/ Hereditary Angioedema has what kind of inheritance
Auto Dominant
32
DiGeorge Syndrome has what kind of inheritance
Auto Recessive
33
SCID from adenosine deaminase deficiency has what kind of inheritance?
Auto recessive
34
etiology of X linked gammaglobulinemia
mutation of tyrosine kinase leads to failure of B cell precursors to develop into mature B cells
35
microbes that cause recurrent infection in XLA | 4
H influenzae pneumococcus staph aureus picornaviruses
36
common infections in DiGeorges | 6
``` CMV EB Varicella respiratory and intestinal infections thrush pneucystis jiroveci ```
37
3 parts of HIV coating
viral coating that's host derived and studded w/ GP 120 and 41 p17 matrix viral core made of capsid protein p24
38
waht does HIV viral core contain
protease reverse transcriptase integrase 2 copies of genomic RNA
39
what does gag gene make?
p24 capsid of viral core | p17 matrix pritein
40
what is the most readily detected HIV viral antigen and target for Abs?
p24 capsid of viral core
41
what does pol gene make
viral enzymes
42
what does env gene make?
makes gp160 which is cleaved into gp120 which mediates Cd4 and chemokine receptor binding and gp 41 which mediates fusion
43
what does vif gene make
viral infectivity factor which promotes replication
44
what does vpr gene make
viral protein R which increases replication; infection of macrophages
45
what does vpu gne make?
viral protein U | promotes CD4 degradation, increases virion release
46
what does tat gene make?
transcription activator-- increases transcription of viral genes
47
what does rev gene make?
regulator of viral gene expression
48
What does nef gene make?
negative effector: down regulates CD4 and MHC expression protecting infected cells from elimination by CD8 cells
49
etiology of Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Normal number of B cells, but unable to differentiate into plasma cells
50
7 pathological features of neoplasm
``` pleomorphism hyperchromasia chromatin distribution: clumped and condensed Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio abnormal mitosis loss of polarity invasion ```
51
cancer grading rates what feature | is dependent on what 3 features
rates aggressiveness degree of differentiation number of mitosis necrosis
52
Cancer stage indicates what?
stage of disease, better for prognosis/ more predictive than grade
53
what does stage 1-4 mean in regards to lymph nodes?
``` 1/2= localized 3= regional 4= distant mets ```
54
For rectal cancer meaning of T1-4 N 0-2 m
T is location/size either limited to submucosa- invasion of adjacent structures N nodes from 0-2/ 0, fewer than 4 regional, more than 4 regional M-0/1 mets or distant mets
55
4 factors that affect frequency of cancer
random mutations heredity chronic inflammation environment/life style
56
Vinyl chloride causes what kind of cancer
hepatic angiosarcoma
57
cigarettes cause what kind of cancer
carcinoma of lung/larynx
58
sun exposure causes what kind of cancer
squamous carcinoma/ melanoma
59
smoked and marinated foods that are rich in nitrosamines cause what kind of cancer
adenocarcinoma of stomach
60
alcohol causes what kind of cancer
squamous carcinoma of oral cavity and esophagus
61
Aflatoxin B1 causes what kind of cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma
62
asbestos causes what kind of cancer
Mesothelioma, carcinoma of lung
63
benzme causes what kind of cancer
acute leukemia
64
B napthylamine, aniline dyes causes what kind of cancer
carcinoma of the bladder
65
nickel, chromium, uranium causes what kind of cancer
carcinoma of lung
66
Thorotrast causes what kind of cancer
hepatic angiosarcoma
67
Alkylating chemotherapeutic agents causes what kind of cancer
acute leukemia
68
Xeroderma Pigmentosum is caused by a defect in
excisional repair of UV induced thymine dimers
69
Hereditary Non Polyposis Colon Cancer is caused by a defect in
mismatch repair enzymes
70
Bloom syndrome is caused by a defect in
chromosomal instability w/ high frequency of breaks and rearrangements
71
5 factors that modify risk
vary dose and duration of exposure different susceptibility due to polymorphisms in CYP genes/activating enzymes differences in DNA repair capability differences in diet that influence protective mechanisms ie antioxidants differences in immune fxn
72
3 classes of genes involved in cancer
growth promoters growth suppressors care takers
73
5 types of proteins that can be oncogenes
``` growth factors growth factor receptors cell signaling molecules nuclear factors cell cycle proteins ```
74
3 mechanisms of LOH
mitotic recombination chromosome missegregation epigenetic mechanisms
75
Rb is master regulator of
G1/S phase
76
how does Rb work
inhibits passage through restriction point by shutting down E2F transcription factor involved in transcribing genes involved in cell cycle progression and DNA synthesis
77
fxn of p53
transcription factor responsible for cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis upon DNA damage
78
Rb is regulated by what?
cyclin D/CDK which phosphorylates and inactivates Rb/ critical E2F factor
79
how does p53 work for cell cycle arrest
DNA damage leads to activation of p53 which stimulates transcription of the CDK inhibitor p21 which induces cell cycle arest at G1 and G2 phases
80
how does p53 work for apoptosis
transcriptional activation of proapoptotic genes like Bax
81
from HPV E6 inhibits ___ | E7 inhibits ___
p53 | Rb

General Pathlogy (1 decks)

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