Quiz 3

Question 1

motivating operations

Answer 1

alters the current value of a stimulus as a reinforcer

alters the current frequency of all beer that has been reinforced

Question 2

contingent vs. non contingent

Answer 2

a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be present

a reinforcer is presented at a particular irrespective of the proceeding behavior
adventitious reinforcement: behavior is accidentally strengthened by non-contingent reinforcement
“superstitious behavior”

Question 3

preference assessments

Answer 3

caregiver interview
direct observation
single item
paired (force choice)
multiple choice with out replacement

Question 4

pace procedure

Answer 4

clients exposed to 16 stimuli while observers measured approach

the stimuli most frequently approached were more valuable reinforcers

Question 5

negative reinforcer for the punishing agents behavior

Answer 5

the behavior selected for treatment with punishment proceudres may produce some aversive stimuli for other people in the environment
the punishing agents implementing of punishment procedures may be negatively reinforced, if its procedures reduced the problem behavior and the aversive conditions created that behavior

Question 6

undesirable modeling

Answer 6

the behavior of the individual delivering the punishment may be modeled by an observer or the individual whose behavior is being punished

following some undesirable behavior a kid is spanked by his parents. at school the kids friend does something the kid doesn’t like so he slaps him

Question 7

abolishing operation

Answer 7

DECREASE in the reinforcing value of a stimulus
temporarily DECREASES the value of a reinforcer
has an ABATIVE effect on behavior

the behavior will DECREASE when that reinforcer is used

Question 8

establishing operations

Answer 8

INCREASE in the reinforcing value of stimulus
temporarily INCREASES the value of a reinforcer
has an EVOCATIVE effect on behavior

behavior will INCREASE when you use that reinforcer

Question 9

unconditioned MO’s

Answer 9

hot/cold water; air (breathe); sleep; hunger; thirst
becoming warmer: abolishes warmth as a reinforcer
becoming colder: abolishes cooling off as a reinforcer
drinking water: abolishes water as a reinforcer
breathing: abolishes oxygen as a reinforcer
sleeping: abolishes sleep as a reinforcer

Question 10

conditioned MO’s

Answer 10

are learned
examples:
pressing play on portable CD player does work (CMO) increases the reinforcing value of obtaining batteries, gets batteries put in the CD CD player works (R+) putting in batteries in your CD player abolishes batteries as a reinforcer

Question 11

motivating operation types

Answer 11

transitive
reflexive
surrogate

Question 12

transitive

Answer 12

condition that makes the stimulus more valuable

a screw makes a screw-driver more important

Question 13

reflexive

Answer 13

conditions/items that precode an aversive event

warner buzzer procedes to shock that lever presses stops the buzzer the level is never pressed

Question 14

surrogate

Answer 14

stimulus paired with wan UMO can have the same value altering and behavior altering effects (becomes an MO)

a stimulus paired with the UMO of being too cold

1) increase reinforcement of warmth
2) evoke behavior that had been so reinforced, both more than would be appropriate for existing temperatures

Question 15

side effects of punishment

Answer 15

emotional aggressive reactions
escape and avoidance
behavioral contrast
undesirable modeling
negative reinforcement for the punishing agent's behavior

Question 16

emotional and agression reactions

Answer 16

when exposed to severe punishers it can lead to aggression, property destroying, crying, etc.

Question 17

escape and avoidance

Answer 17

punishment may result in the develop of behaviors that lead to escape/avoidance of punishing condition/ the termination of a punishing consequence will be negatively reinforced

Question 18

behavioral contrast

Answer 18

a change in one’s component of a multiple schedule that increases/decreases the rate of responding on the at component is accompanied by a change in the response, create in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule

pigeon pecking on 2 stimulus punished with shock. increase pecking on the other r+ doesn’t change

Question 19

extinction

Answer 19

a procedure in which reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued; as a result, occurrences of that behavior decrease in the future

The environment is changed so that the problem behavior will no longer produce the maintaining consequences.

Question 20

procedural and functional forms of extinctions

Answer 20

Applications of the procedural form of extinction are often ineffective
When the extinction procedure is matched to the behavioral function, the intervention is usually effective

Question 21

effects of extinction

Answer 21

Gradual Decrease in Frequency and Amplitude
Extinction Burst
Spontaneous Recovery
Resistance to extinction
Establishing Operations

Question 22

Gradual Decrease in Frequency and Amplitude

Answer 22

Extinction produces a gradual reduction in behavior
However, when reinforcement is removed abruptly, numerous unreinforced responses can follow
Often difficult for teachers and parents to apply because of the initial increase in frequency and magnitude and the gradual decrease in behavior

Question 23

Extinction Burst

Answer 23

An immediate increase in the frequency of the response after the removal of the positive, negative, or automatic reinforcement.
“an increase in responding during any of the first three treatment sessions above that observed during all of the last five baseline sessions or all of baseline.” (Lerman, Iwata, & Wallace, 1999)

Question 24

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 24

The behavior that diminished during the extinction process recurs even though the behavior does not produce reinforcement
Short-lived and limited if the extinction procedure remains in effect.

Question 25

Resistance to extinction

Answer 25

Continued responding during the extinction process.
Behavior that continues to occur during extinction is said to have better resistance to extinction than behavior that diminishes more quickly.

Question 26

Establishing Operations

Answer 26

Resistance to extinction is greater when extinction is carried out under high motivation than under low.

Question 27

side effects of extinction

Answer 27

Resisting extinction
Establishing Operations
Number and Quality reinforcement
Number of previous extinction trials

Question 28

Number and Quality reinforcement

Answer 28

The number of times a behavior produces reinforcement may influence resistance to extinction.
A behavior with a long history of reinforcement may have more resistance to extinction than a behavior with a shorter history of reinforcement

Question 29

Number of Previous extinction trials

Answer 29

Successive applications of conditioning and extinction may influence the resistance to extinction.

Question 30

Response Effort

Answer 30

The effort required for a response apparently influences its resistance to extinction.
A response requiring great effort diminishes more quickly during extinction than a response requiring less effort.