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Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how soon after parturition are lambs weaned

A

3=4 months

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2
Q

What 5 major health implications must we take into account when determining time of shearing

A 
fleece rot 
flystrike 
nutritional requirements 
hypothermia 
ewe production
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3
Q

How does shearing have to do with fleece rot. What considerations must we take into account for prophylaxis

A

Weather/ fleece value
rain –> bacterial proliferation –> dermatitis –> fly strike

fleece in mid length wool most at risk

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4
Q

when is wool in mid length

A

6 months

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5
Q

what is an implication of fleece rot

A

fly strike

colour contamination downgrading fleece

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6
Q

how does fly strike implicate time of shearing

A

recently warm soil temp and higher ambient temperature creates current environment for flies

general sheep mgmt–> changes in pasture can cause diarrhoea and breech staining, attracts flies

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7
Q

how does shearing put sheep at risk of hypothermia

A

sheep need 2 months fleece to have enough insulation.

it is a sporadic threat where sheep are most at risk in late summer, early autumn when aren’t cold adapted!!!!! (tricky)

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8
Q

when are sheep most at risk of hypothermia

A

late summer, early autumn when not cold adapted

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9
Q

what are some examples of a bad time to shear sheep

A

when weaning
with expected unexpected cold weather
ages before selling, ideally want to sell off shears (so not late autumn

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10
Q

How much wool gives a sheep enough insulation?

A

2+ months

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11
Q

What are the optimum temperatures for sows and piglets

A

sows 16-20C

Pigs 25-30

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12
Q

how long do sows stay in the farrowing crate

A

4 weeks

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13
Q

what aspects of the farrowing crate decrease piglet mortality?

A

heating lamps/ underfloor heaters at creep

slatted floor for effluent

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14
Q

Describe an ecoshelter

A 
bedded systems (barley straw, rice hulls) on concrete 
better than solid dirt floors because can burrow out, and can't disinfect base
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15
Q

Describe an outdoor system

A

mostly for Berkshire pigs that won’t burn! otherwise provide wallows.
wealthier systems that are determined by market drive
some just have breeders outdoors

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16
Q

How soon after weaning are pigs in heat?

A

5-7 days

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17
Q

what is a pigs lactation

A

4-6 weeks (28d)

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18
Q

When do you wean piggies

A

4-10 weeks

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19
Q

at what stage is a pig a grower

A

10-16 weeks

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20
Q

at what stage is a pig a finisher

A

16+ weeks

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21
Q

How is the carcase price of a pig calculated

A

carcass weight x P2 back fat

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22
Q

When is there a shortage of pig meat

A

end of year @ Christmas (seasonal infertility)

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23
Q

Where does processed pig meat come from

A

60% from other countries (Australia is a fresh meat market)

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24
Q

Why can’t you import pork on a bone?

A

biosecurity threat to AUS

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25
Where does carcass $$ loss occur?
when back fat is > 12mm at P2 | 30c/kg loss
26
Describe seasonal infertility and what it results in
correlates with summer heat stress. Results in shortage of pork at end of year. Manifests as - delayed return to oestrus after farrowing (25-35d) - gilts delayed puberty - NIPs - dec farrowing rate - inc abortions - doesnt affect litter size
27
Describe what characteristics are looked for when pigs are sold in Aus
<75kg BW <12mm back fat P2 10% exported to N Z
28
What are the 2 biggest production costs in pork production
feed 50% | labour 25%
29
What is a huge determinant of how much it costs to raise piggies
price of wheat!!!! | import market
30
What affects the herd feed conversion efficiency (HFCE) (5)
- genetics - post wean mortality - feed wastage - time of pigs spent under thermoneutral zone - immune system activation
31
What are 6 keys to success breeding piggies
1. meet mating targets 2. fill sheds 3. buy cheap feed 4. dont waste feed 5. sell at optimal weight 6. optimise health & genetics
32
How much does it cost to raise a piglet to sell
fixed costs $50-85 each piglet born | $35?
33
what happens to sow if piglets are weaned too early?
uterus has less time to involute so reduced subsequent litter size - hormones irregular so won't cycle regularly - irregular sow turnover so reduced farrowing rate
34
how long do sows lactate for
28 days
35
How many litters sow/year can a sow produce
2.3 (2.6 with wastage)
36
when are sows most at risk of heat stress
farrowing
37
why is it disadvantageous to wean a piglet too early
intestines aren't developed to cope with hard feed lower weights affects subsequent growth However, early off site weaning= control Dz
38
what is the balance at weaning b/w sow vs. piglet
``` longer on milk= better piglet (to a point). shorter lactation (but >21d)= sow back in preg again ```
39
you should aim to have
<45
40
a F1 sow is generally
LW x LR
41
when do gilts reach puberty? and what factors contribute?
24-27 weeks | Dep on boar exposure, nutrition, season, body weight
42
Which oestrus do you mate a gilt on ?
2nd (30d )
43
What is the average gilt age, weight and litter size at 1st service
30w >130kg >10.5
44
what water pressure does an adult pig need
2L/min
45
what age for a gilt do you commence boar stimulation?
23 weeks (20+min daily)
46
What are gilts fed before and after mating
ad lib before mating (3+ kg) | 1.8-2.3 kg/ day post
47
What vaccines do gilts get before mating
4 weeks apart | PPV, E Coli, Erysipelas, Lepto
48
how long do porcine sperm and eggs survive
sperm 24hrs | eggs 4-6 hrs
49
when do sows ovulate
(2/3 through heat)
50
what factors lead to conception failure
``` poor AI timing when sow not on heat unsupervised matings subfertile sow (repeat rtns, late rtns) overcrowding failure to flush feed pre-mating not mating on 2nd heat for gilts failture to acclimate gilts parity season poor nutrition early weaning ```
51
What is the target mortality rate in pig production
<8%
52
at what weight is a piglet risky?
<800g
53
what %% do piglets die from
``` 40-55% overlays 15-25% weak 5-10% starve/ chill 5% scours 3% abnormalities ```
54
How do you reduce incidence of piglet still births
``` cull sow >30% SBs younger parity cool sow in summer dont overfeed in gestation manual exam if delay 45 min each piglet ```
55
how much milk do piglets drink each day
1L
56
What is ram ventilation
use of buccal pump to pump water past gill even if not swimming forwards
57
How do tuna account for not being able to ram ventilate
can moderate the amount of blood past gills according to need for ventilation or not
58
do fish moderate their internal temperature
nope just tuna
59
why are fish fed fish meal
easily digestible + same AA profile. But increasingly $$$$ so add canola oil, poultry by products, lupins, insect meal etc.
60
Why do fish have such a high feed conversion rate
they don't have to thermo-regulate | they don't have to use their muscles against gravity
61
what fish species need warm water
barramundi & prawns (QLD, NT, WA) --> on in indoor VIC
62
What should wildlife veterinary treatment entail
rehabilitation and release to same habitat
63
Who can hold wildlife
Vets for Tx/ Dx | Licensed wildlife shelters, special laws certain species, special permission
64
is relocation humane?
not always. Eg. for hugely territorial possums
65
how many crops require bee pollination
65%
66
what is the commercial honeybee
Apis mellifera
67
what is the bee industry structure
RIRDC, Aus Gov, Honeybee R&D (rural industries research dev comp)
68
how are bees monitored
National Bee Pest Surveillance program (NBPSP) | detection + monitoring with sentinel bee hives at strategic sea + air ports. Log traps in Nth
69
What are some bee threats
Collapse colony disorder (stress --> young bees leave hive early and die) Varroa mite --> destroys nests and attaches to bees and sucks haemolymph and carries viruses. Use synthetic pyrethroids to kill. Tropilaelaps mite, tracheal mite, Braula fly, bacillus
70
what are some disadvantages of destocking
selling breeding stock results in huge loss of genetics and huge future costs buying (changeover cost) replacements loss of income sale price during drought
71
when would you destock due to overgrazing?
>20-30% bare area to prevent soil erosion and weed invasion
72
what adjustment period is needed to begin a SCA?
3 week acclimiatse to full ration to prevent luminal acidosis Feed 2-3 times/ week
73
How do you feed sheep in a SCA (including acclimatisation )
``` 50g/hd/day (3.5kg week) feed 2-3x week & remove shy feeders 20% roughage --> rumen 5L water/ day 1.5% CaCO3 to grain to rebalance Ca:P Vit E every 6-8 weeks if no green feed ```
74
How do you feed cattle in an SCA
``` 500g/hd day 17-23 kg/ week 20% roughage 50L water/ day 1.5% CaCO3 to grain to rebalance Ca:P Vit E every 6-8 weeks if no green feed ```
75
What other management considerations might you take into account in a SCA
``` remove shy feeders supplement Vit E & CaCO3 feed energy not protein 5MJ day to maintain lower BCS wean early adjust! ```
76
High grain feeding can lead to what dz
``` acidosis (luminal overgrowth microflora with +++ soluble CHOs --> Low pH ) pulpy kidney (intestinal overgrowth Clostridium perfingens with +++ CHO diet) so booster vax on entry ```

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