Quiz 3

Question 1

Small Molecule NT

Answer 1

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine,
Serotonin (5-HT), Histamine, Glycine, GABA, Glutamate, Nitric Oxide (NO).

Fast acting and acute responses

Question 2

Large Molecule NT

Answer 2

LH, ACTH, GH, vasopressin, oxytocin, angiotensin
II, substance P

More potent, slower, and more prolonged

Question 3

Metabotropic Receptors:

Answer 3

G-protein coupled receptors

GPCR

Question 4

Ionotropic Receptors:

Answer 4

Regulate Ion Channels

Question 5

• Opening Na+ channels
• Closing K+ and/or Cl-
channels

Answer 5

EPSPs

Excitatory

Question 6

Inhibition
• Opening Cl- channels
• Increased K+ conductance

Answer 6

IPSPs

Question 7

SPATIAL SUMMATION

Answer 7

Simultaneous EPSPs or IPSPs from

multiple pre-synaptic neurons

Question 8

TEMPORAL SUMMATION

Answer 8

Successive EPSPs or IPSPs from a single presynaptic nerve terminal

Question 9

What time of effect does GABA have on the post synaptic neuron?

Answer 9

inhibitory transmitter

Question 10

What time of effect does Glutamate have on the post synaptic neuron?

Answer 10

Excitatory Transmitter

Question 11

Withdrawal Reflex

Answer 11

Initiated by activation of nociceptors and leads to withdrawal of the affected limb away from the painful stimulus (ex. lifting up foot when you step on something sharp, opening mouth when you bite down on your tongue, etc.).

Question 12

Pre-Synaptic Inhibition

Answer 12

Inhibition occurs due to increased Cl– conductance (reduces AP size) which decreases the Ca2+ entry and amount of excitatory NT released.

The Axo-axonal neuron decreases the amount of NT released by the excitatory neuron.

Question 13

Pre-Synaptic Facilitation

Answer 13

Facilitation occurs due to increased AP time so there is increased Ca2+ entry and more NT is released.

More CA in the presynaptic terminal means more NT release from the excitatory neuron.

Question 14

Same Stimulus with lesser amount of neuronal response. Prolonged Activation

Answer 14

Prolonged Activation

Question 15

▪ Hyperkalemia (up to 6 mM)
▪ Hypocalcemia 
▪ Alkalosis 
▪ Caffeine & theophylline 
▪ Up-regulation of receptors

Answer 15

Increased Excitability

Question 16

▪ Hyperkalemia (above 6 mM)
▪ Hypokalemia 
▪ Hypercalcemia 
▪ Acidosis (ex. Diabetic DKA) 
▪ Anesthetics (ex. Lidocaine) 
▪ Down-regulation of receptors 
▪ Hypoxia 
▪ Fatigue

Answer 16

Decrease excitability

Question 17

Beta 2 receptor results in:

Answer 17

vasodialation and brochilodialation

Question 18

When administering lidocane with EPI what happens?

Answer 18

the vasoconstriction causes neuonal uptake of lidocane

Question 19

MonoAmine Oxidase (MAO) or
Catechol-O-Methyl Tr a n s f e r a s e
(COMT)

Answer 19

enzymes that break down NE

Question 20

– Constrict smooth muscle
– Relax sphincters ‘
– Stimulate glandular secretions

Answer 20

Muscarinic receptors

Question 21

– Constrict smooth muscle
– Relax sphincters ‘
– Stimulate glandular secretions

Answer 21

Muscarinic receptors

Question 22

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the stomach (secretions and contraction), salivary glands (Gq: IP3, ­ IC Ca++)

Answer 22

M1

Question 23

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the smooth muscle, myocardium, cardiac autorhythmic cells, CNS (Gi
protein,¯ cAMP)

Answer 23

M2

Question 24

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the exocrine glands (ex. salivary), smooth muscle, endothelium, CNS (Gq: IP3,
­ IC Ca++)

Answer 24

M3

Question 25

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the CNS, vagal nerve (Gi protein,¯ cAMP)

Answer 25

M4

Question 26

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the sweat glands.

Answer 26

M5

Question 27

M2 relaxes | m3 constricts

Answer 27

PNS

Question 28

aplha 1 constricts | beta2 relaxes

Answer 28

SNS

Question 29

The dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract contains ____ _____ axons

Answer 29

Ascending sensory

Question 30

corticospinal tract contains _____ _____ axons.

Answer 30

descending motor

Question 31

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 31

frontal, Temporal, occipital, and parietal

Question 32

Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex, Frontal | Prefrontal Cortex, Broca’s Area

Answer 32

Frontal area

Question 33

Primary Sensory Cortex, Primary Gustatory Cortex

Answer 33

Parietal

Question 34

Primary Auditory Cortex, Primary Olfactory Cortex, Wernicke’s Area

Answer 34

Temporal

Question 35

Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 35

occipital lobe

Question 36

Includes the Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus, Subthalamic nucleus.

Answer 36

Basal nuclei associated with the cerebrum

Question 37

Hyperkinetic movement disorders (_____ ______) result from | damage to the indirect pathway.

Answer 37

Huntington Disease

Question 38

``` Hypokinetic disorders (______ ______) are due to damage to the direct pathway. ```

Answer 38

Parkinson's Disease

Question 39

Sensory relay for information for the cerebral cortex. Motor pathways also synapse here.

Answer 39

thalamus

Question 40

Involved in maintaining homeostasis. Impacts the autonomic, endocrine, and limbic systems.

Answer 40

hypothalamus

Question 41

Contains the pineal body (secretes melatonin) which aids in the regulation of circadian rhythms.

Answer 41

Epithalamus

Question 42

involved in the basal nuclei and control of voluntary movement.

Answer 42

subthalamus

Question 43

Limbic system

Answer 43

processing emotions and memory

Question 44

Areas most severely impacted are | the hippocampus and temporal lobes.

Answer 44

alzheimers

Question 45

______ is involved in cognitive functions, especially memory.

Answer 45

Acetylcholine

Question 46

Nucleus Basalis is associated with wut?

Answer 46

Cholinergic Projections in the CNS

Question 47

Raphe Nuclei is associate with wut?

Answer 47

Serotonergic Projections in the CNS

Question 48

ventral tegmental area, Nucleus accumbens, and substantia nigra are associated with wut?

Answer 48

Dopaminergic Projections in the CNS

Question 49

______ impacts all areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission leading to attention and arousal.

Answer 49

Norepinephrine

Question 50

locus coeruleus is associated with wut?

Answer 50

Noradrenergic Projections in the CNS

Question 51

The_______ cortex sets posture (ex. position shoulder and arm) at the start of planned movement . The Premotor area determines the overall motor plan.

Answer 51

premotor cortex

Question 52

The _______ motor cortex (UMN) activates | specific muscles to execute the plan.

Answer 52

Primary

Question 53

Axons from neurons in the______ and_______ Motor Cortex make up the Corticospinal (Lateral and Ventral) and Corticobulbar Tracts.

Answer 53

Supplementary and Primary

Question 54

direct motor pathway

Answer 54

corticospinal tract

Question 55

in the medulla 90% of axons decussate over to the other side. What does this form??

Answer 55

Lateral Corticospinal Tract of the spinal cord to distal muscles

Question 56

In the medulla 10% of axons do not decussate over. What do these form??

Answer 56

they form the Anterior Corticospinal Tract to proximal muscles.

Question 57

Both the Anterior Corticospinal Tract and the Lateral corticospinal tract synapse with __ ___ ___ ___>

Answer 57

Lower motor neuron

Question 58

Innervate LMN that control conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face and some muscles of the neck and pharynx.

Answer 58

Corticobulbar Tract

Question 59

Functions as an accessory route for transmission of signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord. Fibers terminate on interneurons and motor neurons of the spinal cord involved in upper limb muscle tone and movement.

Answer 59

rubrospinal pathway

Question 60

control antigravity muscles (proximal limb extensors and head/neck muscles) to maintain balance and muscle tone.

Answer 60

Vestibulospinal Pathway | Controls muscles on the same side of the body.