Quiz 3 And Group Assignments 5-6

Question 1

The largest and primary synaptic relay of the CNS

Answer 1

Thalamus

Question 2

This tract conveys sensations of touch, temperature, pain, and pressure to the thalamus

Answer 2

The spinothalamic tract

Question 3

Proprioceptors in the lower extremity send their signals to the cerebellum through this tract

Answer 3

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Question 4

Proprioceptors in the upper extremity send their signals to the cerebellum through this tract

Answer 4

Cuneocerebellar tract

Question 5

This tract innervates the nuclei of the cranial nerves

Answer 5

Corticobulbar tract

Question 6

This tract primarily innervates muscles that are involved in the control of posture

Answer 6

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 7

Examples of declarative memories

Answer 7

Facts and events

Question 8

Examples of non declarative memories

Answer 8

Skills or habits

Question 9

Example of classical conditioning

Answer 9

Ringing of a bell during dinner

Question 10

Example of operant conditioning

Answer 10

Keeping a job and being rewarded with a paycheck

Question 11

How many pieces of information can be stored in short term memory?

Answer 11

7 +/- 2

Question 12

Is caused by chronic alcohol abuse or poor nutrition. When asked a question, the brain can’t remember the answer, thus the brain attempts to fill in the blanks with visual stimuli?

Answer 12

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 13

What is the major problem behind the idea of disposable synapses?

Answer 13

It is uneconomical

Question 14

Joint configuration

Answer 14

Inverse kinematics

Question 15

Joint torques

Answer 15

Inverse dynamics

Question 16

This theory of motor control can solve the movement-posture paradox

Answer 16

Equilibrium point hypothesis through the principle of reafference

Question 17

3 challenges humans face in maintaining posture

Answer 17

High center of gravity
Multiple joints
Small support area

Question 18

2 things that increase postural sway

Answer 18

Closing your eyes

Narrowing the base if support

Question 19

The central controller finds a unique solution each time a problem emerges

Answer 19

Redundancy

Question 20

The central controller facilitates groups of equally acceptable solutions rather than unique solutions to each movement problem

Answer 20

Abundancy

Question 21

Standing in both feet does what to postural sway?

Answer 21

Decreases postural sway

Question 22

Carries flexor reflexor afferent information from the upper extremities

Answer 22

Rostral spinocerebellar tract

Question 23

Carries flexor reflexor information from the lower extremities

Answer 23

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

Question 24

This descending pathway plays a large role in motor coordination and descends from the red nucleus

Answer 24

Rubrospinal tract

Question 25

This theory of memory considers the mind and body to be two separate independent features

Answer 25

Dualism

Question 26

The ascending pathway of brain structures in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Answer 26

Medulla, thalamus, cerebral cortex

Question 27

The largest synaptic relay in the CNS

Answer 27

Thalamus

Question 28

What you ate for breakfast is what type of memory?

Answer 28

Declarative

Question 29

This descending pathway plays a large role in the maintenance of posture and head position

Answer 29

Vestibulospinal tract

Question 30

Learning to respond to smaller magnitudes of a stimulus

Answer 30

Sensitization

Question 31

When one cannot remember what happened prior to an injury

Answer 31

Retrograde amnesia

Question 32

When one cannot remember what happens after a memory

Answer 32

Anterograde amnesia

Question 33

Selecting the correct muscles, muscular torque, activation patterns of muscles, etc

Answer 33

Inverse dynamics

Question 34

Selecting the correct joints, joint actions, sequence of joint actions, etc.

Answer 34

Inverse kinematics

Question 35

The hypothetical neural structure in the CNS that can generate patterned (rhythmical) activity

Answer 35

Central pattern generator

Question 36

What theory of locomotion does the central pattern generation support?

Answer 36

Motor programming

Question 37

Stimulation of this area of the CNS can produce rhythmic movements of the arms and legs similar to walking when stimulated?

Answer 37

Reticular formation

Question 38

The motor programming theory of locomotion lacks

Answer 38

Coordination

Question 39

The dynamic systems theory of gait lacks

Answer 39

Control

Question 40

How are humans born prematurely?

Answer 40

The nervous system is not fully developed at birth

Question 41

What is an APA?

Answer 41

Anticipatory postural adjustments

Question 42

When do APAs occur?

Answer 42

Prior to the perturbation

Question 43

Why do babies randomly move their arms and legs?

Answer 43

These movements precede the emergence of new functional patterns like walking and reaching

Question 44

Awareness of the position of the body segments in space and in relation to each other

Answer 44

Kinesthesia

Question 45

What is an efferent copy?

Answer 45

A copy of a voluntary motor command

Question 46

In general, what is the effect of aging on the neuromuscular system?

Answer 46

Everything declines

Question 47

What are some of the motor consequences of Down syndrome?

Answer 47

Similar to elderly movement patterns ``` Longer reaction and movement times High safety margin in grip tasks Irregular trajectories High joint variability Preference for co-activation patterns ```

Question 48

Parkinson's is

Answer 48

Hypokinesthetic

Question 49

Huntingdon's is

Answer 49

Hyperkinesthetic

Question 50

The most common muscular dystrophy in children

Answer 50

Duchenne dystrophy

Question 51

Most common muscular dystrophy in adolescents

Answer 51

Becker dystrophy

Question 52

Most common adult form of muscular dystrophy

Answer 52

Myotonic dystrophy

Question 53

Symptoms include being late to walk, waddling, unsteady gait.

Answer 53

Duchenne dystrophy

Question 54

Appears at adolescence | Slower progression, longer life expectancy

Answer 54

Becker dystrophy

Question 55

Commonly in finger and facial muscles High stepping, drop foot Long face, drooping eyelids

Answer 55

Myotonic dystrophy

Question 56

What neurological effects does diabetes have?

Answer 56

Peripheral sensory neuropathy Peripheral motor neuropathy Loss of autonomic nerve function Atrophy of peripheral tissues

Question 57

Diabetes can have these neurological consequences

Answer 57

Loss of balance and coordination | Increases probability of falls, fractures, bruises, etc.

Question 58

Earliest symptoms include twitching, cramping, muscle stiffness, muscle weakness, slurred and nasal speech, difficulty chewing and swallowing

Answer 58

ALS

Question 59

Increasing problems with moving, swallowing, and speaking and forming words

Answer 59

ALS

Question 60

Difficulty swallowing

Answer 60

Dysphagia

Question 61

Difficulty speaking

Answer 61

Dysarthria

Question 62

Spasticity and hypereflexia are seen in

Answer 62

ALS

Question 63

ALS is

Answer 63

Hyperkinesthetic

Question 64

Demyelination of axons in CNS

Answer 64

Multiple sclerosis

Question 65

Dystonia is

Answer 65

Hyperkinesthetic

Question 66

Shuffling gait seen in

Answer 66

Parkinson's

Question 67

Single joint movements in Parkinson's are

Answer 67

Slow Have high variability Sensitive to accuracy

Question 68

Multijoint Parkinson's movements

Answer 68

``` Impaired interjoint coordination Less smooth High variability Sensitive to accuracy Impaired interaction torque compensation ```

Question 69

Atrophy of caudate nucleus

Answer 69

Huntingdon's

Question 70

Generalized, irregular, restless, often pseudo purposive movements (fidgeting hand movements, dancelike gait, clumsiness, slurry speech, etc) Involves all part of body

Answer 70

Huntingdon's chorea

Question 71

Partial loss of voluntary control of muscle activity

Answer 71

Paresis

Question 72

Total loss of voluntary motor control

Answer 72

Plegia

Question 73

Involves two extremities - arms or legs

Answer 73

Para

Question 74

Half of body (left or right) is involved

Answer 74

Hemi

Question 75

All four extremities are invoked

Answer 75

Quadri

Question 76

Positive signs of hyperreflexia

Answer 76

Spastic

Question 77

Negative signs of spasticity (areflexia)

Answer 77

Flaccid