quiz 3 boi Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
is a person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment.is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in a person’s awareness
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Consciousness
2
Q
the state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized and the person feels alert
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Walking Consciousness
3
Q
is a state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of
mental activity as compared with waking consciousness (e.g., daydreaming, meditation,
hypnosis, and substance-induced states
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altered state of consciousness is
4
Q
is a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period.
b. Sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the brain’s hypothalamus.
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Circadian rhythm
5
Q
release of melatonin is influenced by a structure within the hypothalamus in an area
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
6
Q
of sleep proposes that animals and humans
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Adaptive Theory
7
Q
occurs when a person’s body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug.
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Physical Dependence
8
Q
the decrease of the response to a drug over repeated use leading to the need for higher doses of the drug to achieve the same effect, occurs as the body becomes conditioned to the level of the drug
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Drug Tolerance
9
Q
or the belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being, which is a very powerful factor in continued drug use.
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pyschological tolerance
10
Q
are drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system.
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Stimulants
11
Q
are stimulants that are synthesized in laboratories rather than being found in nature (eg., Benzedrine or Dexedrine)
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Amphetamines
12
Q
is a natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant, it is highly addictive and can cause convulsions and death.
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Cocaine
13
Q
is the stimulant found in tobacco; it is a mild stimulant but very physically addictive
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Nicotine
14
Q
a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances.
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Caffeine
15
Q
are drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system.
- Major and minor tranquilizers
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Depressants
16
Q
major tranquilizers) are depressant drugs that have a sedative effect
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Barbiturates
17
Q
minor tranquilizers) are drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress.
- Alcohol: The most commonly used and abused depressant is alcohol, the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter.
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Benzodiazepines
18
Q
are a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins.
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Opiates
19
Q
a substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived
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Opium
20
Q
a narcotic drug derived from opium, is used to treat severe pain but is highly addictive
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Morphine
21
Q
is also a narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely
addictive
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Heroin
22
Q
synthetic drugs that mimic the pain-reducing effects of opiates and their addictive properties
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Opoids
23
Q
drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.
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Hallucinogens
24
Q
is a powerful synthetic hallucinogen.
A
Lysergic acid diethylamide (
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are drugs that produce a mixture of prychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects
Stimulatory hallucinogens
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is derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant called Cannabis sativa
marijuana
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are two bulb-like projections of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.
the olfactory bulbs
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are the body senses consisting of the sin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses
somesthetic sense
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is pain (and pressure) in the organs whereas somatic pain is pain sensation in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints
Visceral pain
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the awareness of body movement.
Kinesthesia
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awareness of where the body and body parts are located in relation to each other in space and to the ground.
Proprioception
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is the awareness of the balance, position, and movement of the head and body through space in relation to gravity's pull
vestibular sense
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offers an explanation of motion sickness in which the information. from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomfort
Sensory conflict theory
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training, feedback about biological conditions is used to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control.
biofeedback
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the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in meaningful fashion
Perception
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the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
Top Down Processing
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the analysis of smaller features to build up to a complete perception
Bottom Up Processing
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are brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds
Microsleeps
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that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage
Restorative theory
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any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability
Sleep deprivation
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a stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream
Rapid Eye Movement
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any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM
Non Rapid Eye Movement
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are smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity
Beta Waves
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brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep; theta waves are brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep
Alpha Waves
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are long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep
Delta Waves
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is the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep
sleep Paralysis
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is a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares
Rem Behavior Disorder
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a person experiences increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
REM REBOUND
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are bad dreams occurring during REM sleep.
NIGHTMARES
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are a relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully.
Night Terrors
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involves an episode of moving or walking around in one's sleep
Sleepwalking
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is the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep
Insomnia
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is a disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more during sleep
Sleep Apnea
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is a sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.
Narcolepsy
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is the premise stating that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods
activation-synthesis hypothesis
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states that information experienced during waking hours can influence the synthesis of dreams
activation-information-mode
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is a state of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestion
Hypnosis
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assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but merely playing the role expected of them in the situation.
The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis assumes
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are chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, and memory
Pyschoactive Drugs
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is the process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.
Sensation
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is the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity.
Transduction
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condition in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed differently, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation.
Synesthesia
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also referred to as the difference threshold, is the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time it is present.
A just noticeable difference
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is the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present.
Absolute Threshold
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provides a method for assessing the accuracy of judgments or decisions under uncertain conditions
Signal detection theory
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is the tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.
Habituation
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is the tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.
Sensory Adaptation
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is the clear membrane on the surface of the eye
Cornea
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is clear, watery fluid beneath the cornea
aqueous humor
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the hole in interior of eye that lets in light
pupil
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a round muscle that surrounds the pupil
iris
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flexible structure
lens
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is a large, open space filled with a clear, jelly-like fluid, it nourishes the eye and gives it shape.
virteous humor
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the lens changes its shape from thick to thin, enabling it to focus on objects that are close or far away
visual accomnodation
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are visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light.
Rods
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are visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision
Cones
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is the area in the retina where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve; it is insensitive to light.
blind spot
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occurs as the eye recovers its ability to see when going from a brightly lit state to a dark state
Dark Adaptation
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is the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness; it occurs more rapidly than dark adaptation.
Light Adaptation
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color vision proposes there are three types of cones: red, blue, and green
trichromatic ("three colors") theory
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of color vision proposes that visual neurons (or groups of neurons) are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color
opponent process theory
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are images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed
Afterimage
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In color-deficient vision color perception is limited to combinations of two cones or colors (to yellows/blues or reds/greens)
Colorblindness
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pitch (frequency), amplitude (volume), and timbre (richness in the tone of the sound
85
is measured in cycles or waves per second, or hertz (Hz).
Frequency
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the visible part of the car.
pinnea
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is the short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum (tympanic membrane).
auditory canal
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bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear, to the brain
auditory nerve
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psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches.
pitch
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of pitch states that different pitches are experienced by the stimulation of hair cells in different locations on the organ of Corti.
place theory
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pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane
frequence theory
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is a theory of pitch that states that frequencies from about 400 Hz to 4,000 Hz cause the hair cells (auditory neurons) to fire in a volley pattern, or take turns in firing
volley principle
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The common name for the taste receptor cells, taste buds are special kinds of neurons found in the mouth that are responsible for gustation,
sense of taste
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. The five basic tastes
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami
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The ability to smell odors is called
olfaction
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the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance.
Size constancy
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the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina
Shape constancy
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the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change
Brightness constancy
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The ability to see the world in three dimensions is called
depth perception
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require the use of only one eye whereas
monocular eyes
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are cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes
binocular eyes
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perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away
Relative size
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perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away
Relative size
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haziness that surrounds objects farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater.
Aerial (atmospheric) perspective
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the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases.
Texture gradient:
106
the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects farther away.
Motion parallax
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the brain's use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away
Accommodation
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the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting, in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant
Convergence
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difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects.
Binocular disparity
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illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward- turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different.
Müller-Lyer illusion:
111
the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions
perceptual set
112
relationships refer to the tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background.gestalt principle
figure ground
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is the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping.gestalt principle
proximity
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is the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group.gestalt principle
similarity
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is the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.gestalt principle
closure
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is the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern gestalt principle
continuity
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is the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.gestalt principle
contiguity
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the tendency is to perceive objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group.
common region
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the tendency to perceive objects that are connected overrides both elements of similarity and proximity
connectedness
120
are used by artists to create an illusion of depth in artwork
pictorial depth cues
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the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other.
linear perspective
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assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer.
Overlap: monocular depth perception cue
interposition
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uses context to determine size of objects.
Ebbinghaus illusion
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the moon when on the horizon appearing to be much larger than the moon when high in the sky (the apparent distance hypothesis)
The moon illusion
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autokinetic effect, stroboscopic motion, phi phenomenon
Illusions of motion
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problems with the mechanics of the outer or middle ear mean that sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum to the cochlea
conduction hearing impairment
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the problem is damage to the inner ear or the auditory pathways in the brain.
nerve hearing impairement
