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Child Development > Quiz 3 ch.2, ch.4, ch.5 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 ch.2, ch.4, ch.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Mobile Congigate Reinforcement

A

tie ribbon to baby
when kicks the mobile moves

conditions baby to reinforce leg kicking to provoke mobile movement

when placed in same crib without ribbon, will start kicking

infant of 2 months (3 day memory)
infant of 3 months (1 week memory)

this indicates that infants have memory

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2
Q

Visual Paired Comparison

A

Measuring looking preference(infant prefer novelty)
Present 2 stimuli
Show face A→ if infant remembers Face A→ At test will look longer at the (novel) Face B

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3
Q

Eye Tracking

A

Two vectors aimed at the pupil and cornea

allows to track where the infant or adult is looking on the screen

infant most attracted to movement

advantage:
- can have the same DV(looking) across different ages –> can compare the same variable developmentally
- other measuring systems require a lot of engagement from the infants –> introduces a lot of confounds in data

Disadvantage:

  • difficult to achieve –> babies are wiggly
  • can lose data with baby moving
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4
Q

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Cognition emotion and biology

examining behavior at a phenotypic level

With new technology, can now not rely on sick infants to get data ( epilepsy brain is by nature different than a normal kid)

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5
Q

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience tools

A 
mri
DTI
fMRI
fNIRS
ERP
EEG
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6
Q

Structural

A

MRI

DTI

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7
Q

Functional

A

fMRI
fNIRS
ERP

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8
Q

MRI

A

pictures of the brain

structural method

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9
Q

DTI

A

taken in the MRI

shows connections of the brain region –> like a roadmap

Structural method

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10
Q

fMRI

A

taken in MRI
The magnet measures brain activity

Spatial Resolution is GREAT
Temporal Resolution is BAD

expensive
sensitive to motion

blobs on the brain–> show activation–> SUBTRACT METHODOLOGY

functional method

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11
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

What region responds to the stimulus

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12
Q

Temporal Resolution

A

how closely the measured activity corresponds to the timing

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13
Q

ERP

A

measuring electrical activity from the surface of the scalp
electrodes
non-invasive

Temporal Resolution is GREAT
Spatial Resolution is BAD
—-can’t tell what region of the brain the activity comes from

Relatively cheap
sensitive to movement

functional method

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14
Q

fNIRS

A

baby fMRI
functional method
uses a cap

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15
Q

Subtract Methodology

A

Associated with fMRI

A-B= the relative regions that are more active

ex: fear face to neutral face

what regions light up comparitively? Amygdala likes fear

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16
Q

Task B Problem

A

be careful about what the control is (adults and children do not react the same to the control)

need to know whether or not children respond differently to the neutral stimulus –> example of regular and fear face–> regular face is always scary so the subtract methodology shows no difference in a child compared to adult

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17
Q

Secular trends in physical growth

A

changes in body size from one generation to the next have occured in industrialized nations

larger size of todays kids due to faster rate of development

improved health/nutrition

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18
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released when neurons send messages to each other

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20
Q

programmed cell death

A

as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die

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21
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the neurons that are not stimulated die off–> lose synapses

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22
Q

glial cells

A

half of brains volume

responsible for myelination

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23
Q

myelination

A

coating of neural fibers with fatty sheath

improves efficacy of message transfer

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24
Q

cerebral cortex

A

last structure to develop

sensitive to environmental influences

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25
brain development mirrors...
behavioral development
26
prefrontal cortex
thought, higher cognition, planning
27
lateralization
each hemisphere recieves sensory input from opposite side
28
left hemisphere
language
29
right hemisphere
spatial abilities
30
plasticity
high capacity for learning if damage, other regions can take over most plastic during first years overabundance of synaptic connections
31
dominant cerebral hemisphere
handedness to carry out skill or motor action
32
crebellum
aids in balance and control of body movement
33
reticular formation
structure in brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness sends out fibers to other areas
34
hippocampus
memory and images of space
35
amygdala
adjacent to hippocampus processing of emotional info
36
corpus callosum
bundle of fibers connecting twp cerebral hemispheres
37
sensitive periods brain
experience-expectant growth experience-dependent growth
38
experience-expected growth
rapid development of organization depends on ordinary experiences to interact explore environment
39
experience-dependent growth
occurs throughout lives growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences
40
phenotype
directly observable traits depend on genotype also affected by environmental influences
41
genotype
blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences our characteristics
42
chromosomes
rodlike structures that store and transmit genetic information 23 matching pairs one from mother one from father made up of DNA
43
DNA
long double-stranded molecule duplicates--> mitosis
44
Gene
a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome
45
mitosis
duplication of DNA chromosomes copy each other
46
gametes
sex cells -sperm and ovum formed through meiosis
47
meiosis
cell division process halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells
48
zygote
when sperm and ovum unite at fertilization
49
crossing over
chromosomes next to each other break at one or more points along their length and exchange segments so that genes from one are replaced by genes from another
50
autosomes
the 22 matching pairs of chromosomes which geneticits number from longest to shortest
51
sex chromosomes
23rd pair female xx male xy
52
Identical/ monozygotic twins
same genetic makeup zygote duplicates and separates into two clusters
53
Fraternal/ dizygotic twins
the realease andfertilization of two ova
54
allele
pairs or series of genes on chromosomes that determine hereditary characteristics
55
homozygous
if the alleles from both parents are alike the child is homozygous and will display inherited trait
56
heterozygous
if the alleles from both parents differ, the child is heterozygous and relationships between the alleles determine the phenotype
57
dominant-recessive inheritance
in heterozygous pairings only one allele affects the child's characteristics--> dominant the second allele, which has no effect, is --> recessive
58
carriers
passing on a trait
59
modifier genes
enhance or dilute the effects of other genes
60
incomplete dominance
a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combined trait or one that is intermediate between the two
61
x-linked inheritance
when harmfule allele is carried on the x chromosome, x-linked inheritance males more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match females it can be suppressed by a dominant allele on the other X
62
Genomic Imprinting
alleles are impreinted, so that one pair member is activated regardless of its makeup
63
mutation
a sudden and permanent change in a segment of DNA
64
polygenetic inheritance
many genes determine the characteristic in question
65
genetic counseling
help couples asses chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder
66
prenatal diagnostic methods
permit detection of developmental problems before birth
67
amnion
a membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid helps maintian temperature constant cushion against jolts
68
chorion
protective membrane around amnion
69
placenta
permits food and oxygen to reach organism waste products to be carried away
70
umbilical cord
contains large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products
71
embryo
implantation to 8th week most rapid prenatal changes groundwork for body structure and internal organs
72
fetus
9th week to end of pregnancy
73
verniz
white cheeselike substance that protects chapping
74
lanugo
white hair to help vernix stick to body
75
age of viability
when baby can first survive 22-26 weeks
76
teratogen
environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal period
77
p-FAS ARND FAS
physical and mental abd behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
78
apgar scale
assess baby's physical condition score of 7 or better indicates good physical condition
79
Rh factor incompatibility
if rh - blood type enters mother will form antibodies which will destroy red blood cells in the fetus--> reduce supply of oxygen
80
behavioral genetics
a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities
81
hertability estimates
measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors
82
kinship studies
compare the characteristics of family members
83
gene-environment interaction
because of genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment b/c we have unique genetic makeup--> we respond differently to environment
84
canalization
the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to jut one or a few outcomes
85
gene-environment correlation
our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed passive correlation evocative correlation active correlation
86
passive correlation
the child has no control --> parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity athlete parent--> enroll kid in sports
87
evocative correlation
responses children evoke from others are influenced by the child's heredity and these responses strengthen the child's original style active friendly baby-->receive more social stimulation--> baby becomes more active and friendly
88
active correlation
in older children they seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies--> niche picking
89
niche picking
tendency to actively choose environments
90
epigenesis
development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment
91
Development of Neurons
``` proliferation migration aggregation differentiation synapse formation(overproduction) apoptosis(death) Myelination ```

Child Development (17 decks)

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