quiz 3 finals itp

Question 1

an involuntary response that is not under personal control or choice (e.g.. salivation

Answer 1

reflex

Question 2

Pavlov accidentally discovered the phenomenon of

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original or natural stimulus that normally produces the response

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response

Answer 4

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 5

an involuntary and unlearned response to a

naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Unconditioned response (UCR):

Question 6

previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS):

Question 7

has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning.

Answer 7

neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 8

learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 8

Conditioned response (CR

Question 9

Putting it all together: Pavlov’s canine classic, or tick tock tick tock

a. The CS must come before the UCS.

b. The CS and UCS must come very close together in time-ideally, no more than 5

seconds apart. c. The NS must be paired with the UCS several times, often many times, before

conditioning can take place.

d. The CS is usually some stimulus that stands out from other competing stimuli.

Question 10

is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Answer 10

Stimulus generalization is

Question 11

is the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 11

Stimulus discrimination

Question 12

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

Answer 12

Extinction

Question 13

is the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Answer 13

b. Spontaneous recovery

Question 14

occurs when a strong

conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to

become a second conditioned stimulus.

Answer 14

Higher-order conditioning

Question 15

is a modern perspective in psychology involved in classical conditioning that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning

Answer 15

Cognitive perspective

Question 16

Phobias: John Watson demonstrated that a phobia, an irrational fear response, could be learned through classical conditioning (e.g., “Little Albert” experiment).

Question 17

is an emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

Answer 17

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Question 18

is the classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion that occurs by watching the reaction of another person to a stimulus.

Answer 18

Vicarious conditioning

Question 19

is the development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Answer 19

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 20

refers to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Answer 20

Biological preparedness

Question 21

is the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Answer 21

Operant conditioning

Question 22

is a law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Answer 22

law of effect

Question 23

behavior is any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli

Answer 23

Operant behavior

Question 24

b. Skinner named the learning of voluntary behavior

Answer 24

operant conditioning.”

Question 25

is any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Answer 25

Reinforcement

Question 26

are any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.

Answer 26

Reinforcers

Question 27

is any reinforce that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

Answer 27

Primary reinforcer

Question 28

is any reinforce that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforce, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

Answer 28

. Secondary reinforcer

Question 29

is the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.

Answer 29

Positive reinforcement

Question 30

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 30

Negative reinforcement

Question 31

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

Answer 31

partial reinforcement effect

Question 32

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

Answer 32

Continuous reinforcement

Question 33

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.

Answer 33

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 34

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Answer 34

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 35

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.

Answer 35

. Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement:

Question 36

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

Answer 36

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 37

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Answer 37

Punishment

Question 38

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 38

Punishment by application

Question 39

is the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 39

Punishment by removal

Question 40

models aggressive behavior; punishment typically has a temporary effect on changing behavior

Answer 40

. Aggressive punishment

Question 41

models aggressive behavior; punishment typically has a temporary effect on changing behavior

Answer 41

. Aggressive punishment

Question 42

most effective when immediate, consistent, and paired with reinforcement of desired behavior.

Answer 42

Punishment

Question 43

is any stimulus such as a stop sign or a doorknob that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

Answer 43

Discriminative stimulus

Question 44

involves the removal of the reinforcement of the (undesirable) behavior.

Answer 44

Extinction

Question 45

Operant conditioned responses are generalized to stimuli that are only similar to the original stimulus.

Answer 45

Stimulus generalization

Question 46

is the recurrence of a conditioned response after extinction.

Answer 46

Spontaneous recovery

Question 47

is the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Answer 47

Shaping

Question 48

the tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns and limits learning in this regard.

Answer 48

Instinctive drift

Question 49

is the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior

Answer 49

Behavior modification

Question 50

is the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.

Answer 50

Token Economy

Question 51

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Answer 51

Applied behavior analysis (ABA

Question 52

uses feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control.

Answer 52

Biofeedback

Question 53

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior.

Answer 53

Behavior modification

Question 54

is the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges,

Answer 54

Token economy

Question 55

is a form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

Answer 55

Neurofeedback

Question 56

is learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

Answer 56

Latent learning

Question 57

the sudden perception of the relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.

Answer 57

Insight

Question 58

is the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past. There are parallels between learned helplessness and depression.

Answer 58

Learned helplessness

Question 59

Tolman's maze-running rats: Latent learning

Answer 59

Rats allowed to wander in a maze without reinforcement showed evidence of latent learning.

Question 60

Seligman's depressed dogs: Learned helplessness

Answer 60

Dogs that had been initially placed in an inescapable situation failed to try to escape later when it became possible to do so, remaining in the painful situation as if helpless to leave.

Question 61

is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Answer 61

Observational learning

Question 62

refers to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Answer 62

Learning/performance distinction

Question 63

demonstrated that young children will imitate the aggressive actions of a model even when there is no reinforcement for doing so.

Answer 63

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment

Question 64

B. The four elements of observational learning

Answer 64

1.Attention 2. Memory 3. Imitation 4. Desire