Quiz 3 - German - Intro To Immunology

Question 1

What are the 5 roles of the immune system?

Answer 1

Kill or control pathogens

Control disease

Repair tissue damage

Organ development

Maintain organ integrity and function

Question 2

How do pathogens directly damage tissues? 3 ways.

Answer 2

Exotoxin production

Endotoxins

Direct cytoplasmic effect - Viruses

Question 3

How do pathogens indirectly damage tissues?

Answer 3

Immune complexes

Anti-host antibody

Cell-mediated immunity

*Bystander tissue can be harmed during degranulation

Question 4

What is an exotoxin?

Answer 4

Pathogen-secreted toxin

Question 5

What is an endotoxin?

Answer 5

Toxic pathogen-component

Question 6

What are 4 challenges that pathogens present to the immune system?

Answer 6

Form diversity

Life cycle diversity

Diverse routes of infection

Rapid, targeted response over a broad domain

Question 7

T/F - Pathogens often infect multiple body compartments.

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

What pathogen has a “comet” actin tail and also overwhelms the host’s nitric oxide production?

Answer 8

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

Question 9

Tell me 4 things about the innate immunity.

Answer 9

Rapid response (Hours)

Fixed

Limited number of specificities

Constant during response

Question 10

Tell me 4 things about the adaptive immune response.

Answer 10

Slow response (days to weeks)

Variable

Numerous highly selective specificities

Improve during response

Question 11

The innate and adaptive immune systems’ final goal is what?

Answer 11

Destruction of pathogens

Question 12

________ ________ form the bridge b/t innate and adaptive immune responses.

Answer 12

Dendritic cells

Question 13

What are 4 cells in the innate immune system?

Answer 13

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Monocyte

Question 14

What are 2 cells in the adaptive immunity?

Answer 14

B cell

T cell

Question 15

What are primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 15

Where immune cells originate and develop

• Bone marrow
• Thymus

Question 16

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 16

Where adaptive immune responses are initiated
-Where naive and mature B and T cells reside

—Lymph nodes
—Spleen
—Lymphatic system
—Organ-specific lymph node-like tissues

Question 17

Immune cells use the ___________ and __________ systems to reach tissues.

Answer 17

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Question 18

Mature lymphocytes route to get to tissues.

Answer 18

After maturity, sometimes 12-24 hrs in a lymph node, it will leave via the lymphatic system, drain into the heart via venous return, by pumped out of the heart into arteries and go to the tissue

Question 19

What is lymph?

Answer 19

Interstitial fluid that drains into the lymphatic system

• Cells
• Pathogens
• Waste

Question 20

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 20

Large duct network

Question 21

Is flow of lymph unidirectional?

Answer 21

YOU BET IT IS!

Question 22

How is the flow unidirectional?

Answer 22

Valves

Smooth muscle

Pressure gradient

Drains into the venous system

Question 23

T/F - Lymph nodes allow lymphocytes to browse drainage.

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

What is the generalized response to infection? 3 stages

Answer 24

Immediate innate (Most frequent, least specific)
-0-4hours
—Very minor tissue damage is repaired

Induced innate (Medium frequency, medium specificity)
-4 hours to 4 days
—Minor tissue damage soon repaired

Adaptive (Least frequent, most specific)
-4 days until pathogen defeated
—Major tissue damage is gradually repaired

Question 25

What are 3 things in the immediate innate system?

Answer 25

Barriers Antimicrobial peptides Complement

Question 26

What is the inflammatory response?

Answer 26

Bacteria introduced, which activate resident effector cells to secrete cytokines Vasodilation and increaed vascular permeability allow fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissue Infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Question 27

What is the induced innate immune response?

Answer 27

Large reserves of neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and are released when needed to fight infection They travel to infected tissue where they engulf and kill bacteria They then die in tissue Andre are engulfed and degraded by macrophages

Question 28

What are three primary antigen presenting cell types?

Answer 28

Dendritic cells Macrophages B lymphocytes

Question 29

What are antigens?

Answer 29

Small, components of bacterial proteins

Question 30

The adaptive immune response in a draining lymph node. What happens?

Answer 30

Pathogens interact with B and T cells in lymph nodes These cells are activated - they drain out to vasculature - and go to injury site *Body creates a lot of B and T cells

Question 31

Antigen presentation activates what?

Answer 31

Lymphocytes

Question 32

Antigen-receptor binding and co-stimulation of T cell by what?

Answer 32

Dendritic cell

Question 33

B cells and T cells have a lot of receptors, for what purpose?

Answer 33

To bind antigens and activate and go thru clonal selection.

Question 34

What is clonal selection?

Answer 34

The lymphocytes that most readily bind to the antigen presented, get a secondary signal from the dendritic cells and rapidly replicate.

Question 35

T and B cells have specific ______ to remember pathogens.

Answer 35

MEMORY

Question 36

T/F - Lymphocyte antigen specificity improves over time.

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

What do T cells do?

Answer 37

Kill pathogenic self cells and regulate the immune response

Question 38

CD8 T cells do what?

Answer 38

CYTOTOXIC These will recognize complex of viral peptide with MHC Class I and kills infected cell *Almost all cells in the body have MHC I

Question 39

What do CD4 T cells do?

Answer 39

They are REGULATORS *They go on to activate B cells and they drive the innate immune system to become more active or resolve the activation of the innate system **MHC Class II

Question 40

What do B cells do?

Answer 40

Produce antibodies

Question 41

What does an activated B cell do, generally?

Answer 41

Forms numerous plasma cells *Can respond to large things like pathogens and small things like toxins

Question 42

T/F - B cells produce plasma cells.

Answer 42

TRUE

Question 43

What do plasma cells do?

Answer 43

Secrete antibodies *Antibodies are targeted against a single antigen

Question 44

What is opsonization?

Answer 44

The coating of antibody on a pathogen

Question 45

Once opsonized, what happens to a pathogen?

Answer 45

Can be engulfed and degraded or trigger the complement system to kick in

Question 46

Innate immune response is what?

Answer 46

Inflammation Complement activation Phagocytosis and destruction of pathogen *Happens immediately and can be days in it’s duration of response

Question 47

What is the adaptive immune response? (Hours to days)

Answer 47

Hours to Days - Interaction b/t antigen-presenting dendritic cells and antigen-specific T cells - Recognition of antigen - Adhesion - Co-stimulation - T-cell proliferation and differentiation - Activation of antigen-specific B cells

Question 48

What is the adaptive immune response? (Days to weeks)

Answer 48

- Formation of effector and memory T cells - Interaction of T cells with B cells, formation of germinal centers - Formation of effect B cells (plasma cells*) and memory B cells - Production of antibody

Question 49

What is the adaptive immune response? (A few days to weeks)

Answer 49

- Emigration of effector lymphocytes from peripheral lymphoid organs - Effector cells and antibodies eliminate the pathogen

Question 50

What is the adaptive immune response? (Days/wks- Lifetime)

Answer 50

Days to weeks - Lifetime - Maintenance of memory B cells and T cells - High serum or mucosal antibody levels - Protection against reinfection

Question 51

T/F - Immune response can be helpful and harmful.

Answer 51

TRUE * Positives: Protective immunity, organ acceptance, tolerant of self cells, tumor immunity * Negatives: Autoimmunity (Diabetes), organ transplant rejection, allergy to innocuous substances, cancer