Quiz 3 Reviewer - Geothermal Energy and Biofuels Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
It is the heat within the earth.
A
Geothermal energy
2
Q
The word geothermal comes from the Greek words _____ (earth) and _____ (heat).
A
Geo; therme
3
Q
The _______ of the planet is as hot as the sun’s surface, with a temperature of roughly _______.
A
Inner core; 10,800 F
4
Q
Near the _______, the temperature is approximately _____, whereas near the _______, it is approximately _______.
A
Mantle-crust border - 392 F; Mantle-core boundary - 7230 F
5
Q
(Year): _______ in North America utilized hot springs for cooking, bathing, and cleaning.
A
10,000 years ago - Paleo-Indians
6
Q
(Year): Industrial use of geothermal energy began near _______, where steam from natural vents and drilled holes was used to extract boric acid from the hot pools, now known as the _______.
A
1827 - Pisa, Italy; Larderello Fields
7
Q
(Year): In Hot Springs, Arkansas, a man by the name of _______ charged one dollar for the use of three spring-fed baths in a wooden tub. This was the first known commercial use of geothermal energy as a heating system.
A
1830 - Asa Thompson
8
Q
(Year): _______, a “steaming valley” just north of _______, are discovered by a man named _______.
A
1847 - The Geysers; San Francisco; William Bell Elliot
9
Q
(Year): The first geothermal district heating system was established in _______, followed by Oregon in 1900.
A
1892 - Idaho
10
Q
(Year): _______ successfully tested the first geothermal power generator, which lit _______ light bulbs.
A
1904 - Prince Piero Ginori Contri (PPGC); four
11
Q
(Year): The _______ in Union County, Oregon, became the first known building to use geothermal energy as its primary heat source.
A
1907 - Hot Lake Hotel
12
Q
(Year): The first commercial geothermal power plant was constructed in _______, remaining the sole industrial producer of geothermal electricity until New Zealand built a plant in 1958. By 2012, it generated approximately _______ of electricity.
A
1911 - Larderello, Italy; 594 MW
13
Q
(Year): The first U.S. geothermal power plant was built with a _______ capacity, but technical issues led to its shutdown.
A
1922 - 250 kW
14
Q
(Year): The first ground-source geothermal heat pump was installed at the _______ in _______.
A
1946 - Commonwealth Building; Portland, Oregon
15
Q
(Year): _______ launched the first large-scale geothermal power plant in _______, generating _______ of electricity.
A
1960s - Pacific Gas and Electric; San Francisco; 11 MW
16
Q
(Year): The _______ is established. It includes U.S. companies that develop geothermal resources around the world for electricity generation and direct-heat uses.
A
1972 - Geothermal Energy Association (GEA).
17
Q
(Year): The oil crisis encouraged nations to explore renewable energy sources, leading
to the increased adoption of _______ in the 1980s for heating and cooling cost reduction.
A
1973 - Geothermal heat pumps
18
Q
(Year): In response to climate change, the _______ was signed in _______, setting emission reduction targets for developed countries and promoting financial and technological support for developing nations. A total of _______ countries ratified the agreement.
A
1997 - Kyoto Protocol; Japan; 184 countries
19
Q
(Year): The _______ was passed. This policy changed U.S. energy policy by providing tax incentives for different types of energy production.
A
2005 - Energy Policy Act of 2005
20
Q
(Year): The U.S. had over _____ operational geothermal power plants across _____ locations. While geothermal energy accounted for less than _____% of the world’s energy supply in 2009,
projections suggest it could contribute _____% by _____. Today, geothermal power plants operate in approximately _____ countries, particularly in regions with high volcanic and seismic activity.
A
2019 - 60; 18 locations; 1%; 10-20% by 2050; 20 countries
21
Q
Geothermal energy has been a major player in the Philippines’ energy sector. The country is one of the top producers of geothermal electricity in the world, ranking _______ only to the United States and Mexico.
A
Second
22
Q
(Year): The _______ initiated geothermal studies in the Philippines.
A
1962 - Commission on Volcanology (COMVOL)
23
Q
(Year): A small steam-powered generator was successfully tested in _______.
A
1967 - Tiwi, Albay
24
Q
(Year): The _______ (Republic Act No. _______) was enacted, declaring geothermal resources as state-owned.
A
1967 - Geothermal Law; RA 5092
25
(Year): The government assigned the _______ to develop the Tiwi geothermal field.
1970 - National Power Corporation (NPC)
26
(Year): NPC signed its first service contract with _______, a subsidiary of _______ of _______.
1971 - Philippine Geothermal, Inc. (PGI); Union Oil of California
27
(Year): The service contract was expanded to include the _______ geothermal field.
1973 - Makiling-Banahaw (MakBan)
28
(Year): The first commercial geothermal electricity was generated from a _______ of electricity pilot plant at _______.
1977 - 3 MWe; Tongonan, Leyte
29
(Year): Large-scale geothermal power plants began operating, where _______ was commissioned with _______ of electricity, and _______ was commissioned with _______ electricity.
1979:
Tiwi - 110 MWe
MakBan - 110 MWe
30
(Year): Additional capacity was added to _______ and _______, reaching a total of _______ of electricity.
1982-1984 - Tiwi and MakBan; 660 MWe
31
In 1983, _______ and _______ power plants (_______ of electricity each) were commissioned.
Tongonan and Palinpinon; 112.5 MWe
32
In 1983, the _______ took over geothermal resource development.
Philippine National Oil Company - Energy Development Corporation (PNOC-EDC)
33
In 1993, the _______ geothermal plant commissioned, with _______ of electricity.
Bacon-Manito (BacMan); 150 MWe
34
In 1996-1999, the _______ was commissioned with a total of _______ of electricity.
Mindanao Geothermal Power Plants (Mt. Apo); 108 MWe
35
The Earth's core continuously transfers heat to the surrounding layers, with some escaping to the surface through _______, _______, and _______.
Conduction, volcanic activity, and hydrothermal systems
36
The most accessible geothermal resources are found in geologically active regions, where heat from the Earth's interior rises closer to the surface. These areas often located along _______ boundaries, feature: (4) _______, _______, _______, and _______.
Tectonic plate boundaries; GHVH - Geysers, hot spots, volcanoes, and hot springs.
37
The _______, which includes parts of the United States, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Japan, has some of the world's most significant geothermal reserves due to its high volcanic and seismic activity.
Pacific Ring of Fire
38
Geothermal power plants utilize naturally occurring _______, where hot water or steam accumulates underground.
Hydrothermal reservoirs
39
The availability of geothermal energy
depends on the presence of sufficient _______ for steam or hot water to flow.
WUP - water, underground heat, and permeability
40
Enumerate the assessments used by scientists and engineers to determine whether an area has good potential for geothermal energy.
1. Surface indicators
2. Geological surveys
3. Geophysical studies
4. Geochemical analysis
5. Drilling exploratory wells
6. Reservoir evaluation and testing
41
Enumerate the surface indicators.
1. Hot springs, geysers, and fumaroles
2. Volcanic activity
3. Seismic activity
42
Surface indicators: These are naturally occurring features indicate underground heat and fluid movement.
Hot springs, geysers, and fumaroles
43
Surface indicators: Areas near active or dormant volcanoes typically have high geothermal potential.
Volcanic activity
44
Surface indicators: Tectonic plate boundaries and fault zones allow heat to escape from deep within the Earth.
Seismic activity
45
Enumerate the geological surveys.
1. Rock composition analysis
2. Fault and fracture mapping
3. Heat flow measurements
46
Geological Surveys: Igneous and metamorphic rocks are often associated with geothermal reservoirs.
Rock composition analysis
47
Geological Surveys: Fractured rocks provide pathways for hot water and steam to rise.
Fault and fracture mapping
48
Geological Surveys: Scientists measure how heat moves through the Earth's crust to estimate potential energy output.
Heat flow measurements
49
Enumerate the geophysical studies.
1. Seismic surveys
2. Gravity surveys
50
Geophysical studies: Map subsurface structures and identify fluid-filled fractures.
Seismic surveys
51
Geophysical studies: Help determine rock density and locate geothermal reservoirs.
Gravity surveys
52
Enumerate the geochemical analysis.
1. Water and gas sampling
2. Isotope analysis
53
Geochemical analysis: Analyze hot spring water and gases (like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) to estimate underground temperatures.
Water and gas sampling
54
Geochemical analysis: Identifies the origin
and movement of geothermal fluids.
Isotope analysis
55
If surface and subsurface data suggest a high temperature reservoir, exploratory drilling is conducted to confirm _______, _______, and _______.
Reservoir temperature, fluid availability and pressure, and rock permeability
56
Enumerate the reservoir evaluation and testing.
1. Flow tests
2. Pressure and temperature logging
3. Sustainability studies
57
Reservoir Evaluation and Testing: Determine how much steam or hot water a well can produce.
Flow tests
58
Reservoir Evaluation and Testing: Monitor changes in subsurface conditions.
Pressure and temperature logging
59
Reservoir Evaluation and Testing: Assess long term energy output and environmental impact.
Sustainability studies
60
Beneath the Earth's crust lies a layer of hot, molten rock called magma, which continuously generates heat due to the natural decay of radioactive elements like _______ and ________.
Uranium and potassium
61
Enumerate the three main types of geothermal power plants.
1. Dry steam
2. Flash steam
3. Binary cycle
62
This is a type of geothermal power plant where steam is used directly to turn turbines.
Dry steam
63
This is a type of geothermal power plant where high-pressure hot water is depressurized into steam.
Flash steam
64
This is a type of geothermal power plant where hot water transfers heat to a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point
to generate steam
Binary cycle
65
The process of capturing geothermal energy begins with extracting high-pressure water from deep underground using geothermal power plants or heat pumps. In some locations, such as _______, steam naturally escapes from the ground.
The Geysers in California
66
Typically, high-pressure hot water is brought to the surface through wells reaching depths of up to _______.
Two miles
67
Since geothermal steam often contains corrosive chemicals like _______, _______, and _______, the turbines must be made of materials resistant to corrosion.
Chloride, sulfate, and hydrogen sulfide
68
Since the country sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire, it has plenty of geothermal resources, including _______ active volcanoes and several geothermal fields.
24
68
The Philippines is the _______ largest producer of geothermal energy globally, after the United States and Indonesia.
Third
69
The potential geothermal capacity in the Philippines is estimated to be around _______.
4,064 MW
70
Currently, more than _______ of this potential has been developed and is operational, which accounts for about _______% of the country’s total electricity generation.
1,900 GW; 14%
71
Total installed capacity of geothermal energy in January 2023.
16,127 MW
72
Enumerate the Top 10 geothermal countries in 2022
1. United States
2. Indonesia
3. Philippines
4. Turkiye
5. New Zealand
6. Mexico
7. Kenya
8. Italy
9. Iceland
10. Japan
73
Enumerate the Top 5 Philippine Geothermal Energy Companies
1. Philippine Geothermal Production Company, Inc. (PGPC)
2. Energy Development Corporation (EDC)
3. Aboitiz Power Corporation
4. Aragorn Power and Energy Corporation (APC Group Inc.)
5. National Power Corporation (NPC)
74
A leading geothermal energy producer that plays a critical role in the Philippines' renewable energy sector. It focuses on efficient resource extraction and operates several geothermal fields in the country.
Philippine Geothermal Production Company, Inc. (PGPC)
75
It is the largest renewable energy company in the Philippines, with a dominant position in geothermal energy.
Energy Development Corporation (EDC)
76
It is a major player in the Philippine energy market, with a strategic focus on renewable energy. It operates geothermal energy projects and contributes significantly to the national grid's renewable energy share.
Aboitiz Power Corporation
77
It is an emerging player with a focused approach to expanding its geothermal footprint. The company participates in several geothermal projects, aiming to enhance its renewable energy capacity.
Aragorn Power and Energy Corporation
78
Historically significant, it is a government-owned entity involved in geothermal power generation. It manages government geothermal resources, ensuring energy supply stability nationwide.
National Power Corporation
79
It had the largest percentage share of electricity generation from geothermal energy among all countries with geothermal power plants.
Kenya
80
The two most common types
of biofuels ______ and _______.
Biodiesel and bioethanol
81
Biofuel or biomass: Renewable fuel derived from biological sources.
Biofuel
82
Biofuel or biomass: Organic matter used as a fuel source.
Biomass
83
Biofuel or biomass: First-generation, second-generation, third-generation
Biofuel
84
Biofuel or biomass: Wood, agricultural residues, energy crops
Biomass
85
Biofuel or biomass: Processed from crops, algae, or waste materials
Biofuel
86
Biofuel or biomass: Harvested, collected, or cultivated
Biomass
87
Biofuel or biomass: Varies depending on the type and production process
Biofuel
88
Biofuel or biomass: Varies depending on the biomass source
Biomass
89
Biofuel or biomass: Can reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels
Biofuel
90
Biofuel or biomass: Can be carbon-neutral or carbon-negative
Biomass
91
Biofuel or biomass: Transportation fuel, electricity generation, heating
Biofuel
92
Biofuel or biomass: Electricity generation, heat production, biogas production
Biomass
93
Biofuel or biomass: Renewable, reduces dependence on fossil fuels
Biofuel
94
Biofuel or biomass: Abundant, versatile, can be locally sourced
Biomass
95
Biofuel or biomass: Competition with food crops, land use concerns
Biofuel
96
Biofuel or biomass: Requires large land areas, potential for deforestation
Biomass
97
The diesel engine was designed by _______, a German engineer in the _______.
Rudolf Diesel; 1890s
98
For commercial automobile uses in the 1920s, high-speed diesel engines were introduced, and for passenger vehicles in the _______.
1930s
99
The development uses to made
biodiesel was discovered by _______ in _______ (country) in _______ (year) whom decided technique for the transformation of vegetable oils for their consumptions as fuels, a process now called _______.
G. Chavanne; Belgium; 1937; transesterification
100
Current biodiesel fuel, which is produced by adapting vegetable oils into compounds, is called _______.
Methyl esters
101
The transition to biofuels from gasoline products like kerosene and petrol as primary fuel sources occurred in the _______ for oil lamps.
1860s
102
_______ established the world’s first large-scale biofuels production initiative to support national development and energy independence.
Germany
103
The first practical internal combustion engine using an explosive liquid fuel was developed by American engineer _______ in _______ (Year).
Samuel Morey; 1826
104
_______’s advocacy for alcohol fuels led to significant efforts to develop engineering applications for farm crops as a means of addressing economic challenges.
Henry Ford
105
Brazil’s biofuel initiatives began around _______ when the government mandated that official vehicles run on ethanol.
1919
106
After World War II, global oil consumption increased _______, making the world heavily dependent on cheap oil from the Middle East.
fivefold
107
In Germany, _______ developed a process that used mild acids to penetrate wood chips and hydrolyze cellulose, simultaneously extracting wood starches. This process doubled crop yields, producing approximately _______
Heinrich Scholler; 50 parts starch per 100 parts of wood.
108
_______ were among the first scientists to present gasoline alternatives to Congress during hearings in Washington, D.C.
Reese’s Protégés
109
The use of biofuels in the Philippines was initiated due to the _______ of the _______.
Oil crisis; 1970s
110
The implementation did not immediately push through as the domestic cost of production of biofuels was higher than the cost of importing oil. Hence, to reduce the biofuels production cost and correspondingly its selling price, the _______, as a member of the NBB, is tasked to develop a sustainable and viable feedstock for the production of biofuels.
Philippine Department of Agriculture
111
The enactment of the _______ designates specific mandates on government agencies particularly to ensure feedstock supply like sugarcane for bioethanol under the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) and coconut for biodiesel under the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA).
Biofuels Act of 2006 (RA 9367)
112
The law took effect last _______, and after two years, ___% by volume blending of biodiesel with diesel and ___% by volume blending of bioethanol with gasoline were implemented.
February 6, 2007; 2%; 5%
113
Republic Act No. 9513 or the Renewable Energy Act of 2008.
Republic Act No. 9513 or the Renewable Energy Act of 2008.
114
Currently, DOE has maintained the ethanol and biodiesel blends at _______ by volume, respectively and still unclear whether the blending targets based on the RA 9367 will be increased for the succeeding years.
E10, B2
115
It refers to the dried coconut kernel or meat from which the oil that is processed to biodiesel is obtained.
Copra
116
The United States, Europe, Brazil and Indonesia are responsible for the majority of biodiesel, renewable diesel and biojet fuel consumption growth. Combined, demand for these fuels increases by _______%
44%
117
Biomass resources that are available on a renewable basis and are used either directly as a fuel or converted to another form or energy product are commonly referred to as _______.
Feedstocks
118
These are non-food crops that can be grown on marginal land (land not suitable for traditional crops like corn and soybeans) specifically to provide biomass.
Dedicated energy crops
119
Two general categories of dedicated energy crops:
Herbaceous and woody
120
These are perennial (plants that live for more than 2 years) grasses that are harvested annually after taking 2 to 3 years to reach full productivity. These include switchgrass, miscanthus, bamboo, sweet sorghum, tall fescue, kochia, wheatgrass, and others.
Herbaceous energy crops
121
These are fast-growing hardwood trees that are harvested within 5 to 8 years of planting. These include hybrid poplar, hybrid willow, silver maple, eastern cottonwood, green ash, black walnut, sweetgum, and sycamore.
Woody crops
122
It refers to a diverse group of highly productive organisms that include microalgae, macroalgae (seaweed), and cyanobacteria (formerly called “blue-green algae”).
Algae
123
These include mixed commercial and residential garbage, such as yard trimmings, paper and paperboard, plastics, rubber, leather, textiles, and food wastes
Solid Municipal Waste
124
These feedstocks include commercial, institutional, and residential food wastes (particularly those currently disposed of in landfills); organic-rich biosolids (i.e., treated sewage sludge from municipal wastewater); manure slurries from concentrated livestock operations; organic wastes from industrial operations; and biogas (the gaseous product of the decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen) derived from any of the above feedstock streams.
Wet waste
125
These biofuels come from food crops, using their sugars and vegetable oils.
First-generation
126
These biofuels are derived from non-food biomass such as lignocellulosic materials, agricultural residues, and energy crops grown on marginal lands.
Second-generation
127
These biofuels, or algae-based fuels, use engineered bioenergy crops for improved biomass-to-biofuel conversion.
Third-generation
128
These biofuels leverage synthetic biology to enhance CO₂ capture and biofuel production efficiency. Unlike previous generations, they rely on engineered microorganisms, such as algae and cyanobacteria, to produce fuels through artificial photosynthesis and metabolic engineering.
Fourth-generation
129
Enumerate the stages of bioethanol production.
1. Pretreatment
2. Hydrolysis
3. Fermentation
4. Purification (Distillation and Dehydration)
130
It is the first stage in bioethanol production, particularly when using lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock.
Pretreatment
131
Enumerate the methods of pretreatment in bioethanol production.
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological
132
This pretreatment involves mechanical processes such as milling or grinding to reduce particle size and increase the surface area of the biomass.
Physical Pretreatment
133
This pretreatment employs acid or alkaline solutions to break down hemicellulose and partially solubilize lignin.
Chemical Pretreatment
134
