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Biopsychology > Quiz #3 studying > Flashcards

Quiz #3 studying Flashcards

1
Q

What did Sir Charles Sherrington discover?

A

He discovered spinal reflexes as the “knee-jerk” reflex were pivotal in understanding neural communication

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2
Q

What terms did Sir Charles Sherrington coin and what do those terms do?

A

He coined the term “synapse” and “synaptic transmissions” which control our motor responses.

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3
Q

Where is the Motor Cortex located?

A

In the posterior part of the frontal lobe

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4
Q

What does the Motor Cortex do?

A

It is responsible for sending signals for motor movements. Involved in the organization of motor tasks, sequencing of actions, and the timing of movements.

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5
Q

Does the Motor Cortex operate in isolation?

A

No

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6
Q

What does M 1/ Area 4 do?

A

It is the real executive area. It is responsible for the execution and initiating of voluntary movements. Specific commands

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7
Q

What does Area 6/Premotor do?

A

It is more focused on the preparation and coordination of actions. This area specifically handles things that require precise actions and timing and adaptability.

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8
Q

What are Pyramidal Neurons?

A

The principal neurons of the motor cortex.

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9
Q

What do Pyramidal
Neurons do?

A

The are responsible for sending signals from the cortex to other parts of the brain and spinal cord.

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10
Q

What does the motor cortex need interneurons for?

A

To make sure movements are precise and coordinated.

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11
Q

What do the different body parts represented in the motor cortex do?

A

They reflect the brain’s precise control over different parts

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12
Q

What do Basal Ganglia do?

A

It plays a crucial role in initiating and modulating movements and helps in selecting certain motor programs while inhibiting unwanted actions.

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13
Q

What does dysfunction in Basal Ganglia do?

A

It can result in involuntary muscle contractions and rigidity.

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14
Q

What else does Basal Ganglia do?

A

It is important in muscle tone by ensuing that our muscles retain a certain level of tension for smooth and coordinated movement

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15
Q

Does Basal Ganglia interact with decision-making and emotions in our movements?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

It manages the fine motor coordination and motor learning. Plays a key role in muscle memory. Helps refine motor skills over time and maintaining our balance and plays a critical role in timing our movements

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17
Q

What does the Pons connect?

A

It connects the brain and the cerebellum with the spinal cord.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the Pons?

A

It relays signals including the motor cortex which is key for coordinating voluntary movements. It is also essential in respiration including breathing and heart rate

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19
Q

What did Carl Wernicke discover (besides the obvious)?

A

He discovered crucial insights into the localization of brain functions in general and language processing.

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20
Q

What is Carl Wernicke known for?

A

He is known for his work with patients who had certain language deficits, particularily those with sensory aphasia who produced fluent but nonsensical speech

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21
Q

What is Wernicke’s area critical for?

A

Language comprehension

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22
Q

What is Broca’s area associated with?

A

Language production

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23
Q

Who discovered Broca’s area?

A

Paul Broca

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24
Q

What causes Broca’s/non-fluent aphasia?

A

Lesions in the left posterior lobe

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25
Q

In which half of the brain is language housed?

A

Primarily in the left hemisphere of the brain

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26
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

The left parietal lobe

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27
Q

What is the Arcuate Fasciculus?

A

It connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

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28
Q

What does the angular gyrus do?

A

It plays a role in reading and writing processes

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29
Q

True or false, the brain’s organization for language can vary across individuals?

A

True

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30
Q

What does the dorsal stream do?

A

It is a neuron that processes the spatial and phonological aspects of language. Helps us understand the words and structure of sentences.

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31
Q

What is crucial in the dorsal stream of language and how is it crucial?

A

The angular gyrus, particularly in turning written words into spoken forms

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32
Q

What is the super marginal gyrus involved in?

A

It manipulates and recognizes the sounds of language. It is crucial for reading and articulating words correclty.

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33
Q

What are the posterior and superior gyrus involved in?

A

Processing the syntactic and grammatical aspects of language.

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34
Q

How does the motor cortex play a critical role in speech production?

A

It executes the precise movements

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35
Q

What is the ventral stream of language concerned with?

A

It is concerned with is about meaning and semantics of language.

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36
Q

What does the Fusiform gyrus do?

A

It recognizes and processes visual stimuli.

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37
Q

What is the inferior temporal gyrus involved in?

A

It is involved in higher-level semantic processing so it helps us understand the meaning of words

38
Q

What is the Anterior singular cortex associated with?

A

Monitoring and evaluating speech. It is a reflection of ourself and it helps us monitor ourselves

39
Q

What causes Wernicke’s aphasia/fluent aphasia?

A

Damage to Wernicke’s area

40
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia/fluent aphasia?

A

People with it produce speech that is fluent but incoherent. Often include made-up words and difficulty understanding spoken and written language

41
Q

What causes Broca’s aphasia/non-fluent aphasia?

A

Damage to Broca’s area

42
Q

What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia/non-fluent aphasia?

A

People with it can produce speech that is slow, effortful, and lacking in fluency. They might comprehend but can not communicate fluently

43
Q

What is Global aphasia caused by?

A

Damage to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

44
Q

What are the symptoms of Global aphasia?

A

They often are limited to a few words or gestures. They often struggle to convey even basic messages

45
Q

What kind of research did Jaak Pankseep do?

A

Primary emotions systems and cognitive behavioural therapy

46
Q

What is the Limbic system?

A

A series of brain structures responsible for regulating emotions, memory, and other emotional functions

47
Q

What does the word “Limbic” mean?

A

Edge/Border

48
Q

What does the Limbic system “give us”?

A

It gives us a balance between survival and a good quality of life

49
Q

What parts are included in the Limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, cerebellum, pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and thalamus

50
Q

What else is the amygdala associated with?

A

The anger and emotions associated with sexual behavior

51
Q

What does “Lesion” mean?

A

Lack of emotional responses

52
Q

What is the Raphe Nucleus?

A

A group of nuclei in the brain stem. An essential part of the brain’s neurotransmitter system

53
Q

What does the Raphe Nucleus do?

A

Play a crucial role in regulating mood and emotions. A critical member of your emotional well-being because serotonin gets released.

54
Q

What is the primary treatment for Mood Disorders and how does it work?

A

SSRIs and they increase serotonin levels.

55
Q

What does an imbalance of serotonin cause?

A

It leads to anxiety and depression disorders

56
Q

What can increase serotonin?

A

Amino acid, exercise, and natural light

57
Q

When does the amygdala start the fear response?

A

Immediately

58
Q

What is the Anterior circulate cortex involved with?

A

Shame, and plays a role in conflict monitoring

59
Q

What is active when we are happy?

A

Ventral striatum

60
Q

What did Dr. Neil McNaughton study?

A

He studied the fear and approach system which is a fundamental aspect of how our brain responds to various emotional stimuli. His work has provided some insight into fear and motivation.

61
Q

What are Affective disorders caused by?

A

Disturbances in mood, emotion, and a disregulation in a fear and approach system

62
Q

What do anxiety disorder all involve?

A

An overactive fear system

63
Q

What fraction of people are genetically resistant to anxiety disorders?

A

1/3

64
Q

What are Obsessive-Compulsive Affective Disorders caused by?

A

SSRis and Glutamate

65
Q

What does the Anterior Cingulate Cortex involve?

A

It has to do with error detection and decision making

66
Q

What does a dysregulation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex lead to?

A

Excessive rumination and an overfocus on perceived mistakes.

67
Q

Does Glutamate play a role in OCD?

A

Yes

68
Q

What does a hoarding disorder lead to?

A

Significnt distress and impairment due to the clutter in their living spaces

69
Q

What does dysregulation in the anterior cingulate cortex lead to?

A

Hoarding disorder

70
Q

What is Insula associated with?

A

The awareness of body sensations and emotions

71
Q

What does dysregulation in Insula lead to?

A

The emotional attachments that people have to their possesions is stronger

72
Q

What is bipolar disorder caused by?

A

The changes in the activity in the mood-related brain regions. This can include the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and the striata. These have all been observed in people with bipolar disorder.

73
Q

What kind of therapy helps with Bipolar disorder and how does it help?

A

CBT which helps people identify and modify the irrational thoughts and behaviors associated with the disorder and then develop positve thinking patterns

74
Q

What medications help with Bipolar disorder and what do they do?

A

SSRis and Benzodiazapinw increase serotonin levels which results in healing and therefore having better regulation and less pain

75
Q

What treatments help with depression?

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, Anti-depressants, and CBT

76
Q

What did James Olds do research into?

A

He did research into when certain areas of the brain were stimulated and gave us an idea of what areas of the brain were linked to reward and pleasure

77
Q

What are the structures of the reward pathway?

A

Ventral Tegmental Area, Amygdala, and Hippocampus

78
Q

What does the Ventral Tegmental Area do?

A

It is a vital source of dopamine and serves as a critical hub for reward processing

79
Q

What does the amygdala do concerning the reward pathway?

A

It controls emotional aspects of reward processing. Assess emotional value to different stimuli. Helps us to assign emotional significance to rewarding or aversive stimuli

80
Q

What does the hippocampus do concerning the reward pathway?

A

Encoding and retrieving info about past rewards and contexts

81
Q

What is one thing dopamine is linked to?

A

It is linked to the bran’s ability to predict and to learn from these rewards. When encountering an unexpected reward, there is a surge in dopamine which makes it more likely we will repeat the actions that lead to the reward

82
Q

What does dopamine help our brains decide?

A

It helps our brain decide what is worth pursuing

83
Q

What does the Mesolimbic system mean?

A

Central main portion of the limbic system

84
Q

What does the Mesolimbic system do?

A

It is a complex system of brain structures that play a central role in pleasure, reinforcement and motivation.

85
Q

What is the bad side of dopamine?

A

We tend to ignore the negative consequences of a pleasurable activity

86
Q

What does the Nucleus accumbens do?

A

It reinforces behaviours associated with obtaining rewards and contributes to pleasure

87
Q

What do the GABA interneurons do?

A

They are the primary inhibitory transmitter in the brain and inhibit dopamine neurons to stop it from flooding the reward-related regions

88
Q

What happens when someone is addicted in their brain?

A

The gap between dopamine release and inhibition get out of balance which leads to compulsive behaviors.

89
Q

Is there is a rhythmic pattern in dopamine-related activities?

A

Yes

90
Q

What does cocaine do to your brain?

A

It mimics dopamine and floods the brain with pleasure.

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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