Quiz Flashcards
(30 cards)
Describe the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides
Eggs in feces → Contaminated food/water introduce eggs via oral route → Once swallowed, eggs hatch and larvae invade intestinal mucosa → Follow portal circulation to the lungs → Larvae mature in the lungs where they go up the bronchial tree → Coughing pushes the worms up and into the throat where they are swallowed and will stay/grow in the intestines (and lay more eggs) → Live for 1-2 years
What are the four main types of organisms that cause intestinal parasitosis?
a. Protozoa
b. Cestodes (tapeworms)
c. Trematodes (flukes)
d. Nematodes (worms that have long, round, unsegmented bodies)
The _____ protozoa responsible for malaria undergoes _____ reproduction in humans, and _____ reproduction in mosquitoes.
a. Plasmodium
b. Asexual
c. Sexual
Explain the two types of blood smears used to help diagnose malaria.
a. Thick smear - uses a larger volume of blood on the slide; is a more sensitive test to detect the presence of parasites
b. Thin smear - blood is smeared across the slide to form a very thin layer and is fixed in methanol before staining; is useful for differentiation of species
What are the two main goals of migraine treatment? Give an example agent for each goal
a. Prophylactic (migraine prevention) → ex:Botox (Onabotulinumtoxin A)
b. Abortive (treatment/relief of symptoms) → ex:Triptans (such as sumatriptan)
i. Other examples: NSAIDs, opioids, any combination products with NSAIDs/opioids/triptans
List 3 signs/symptoms of thyroiditis
a. fever 100.4-104 degree F
b. difficulty swallowing
c. lymphadenopathy
d. goiter
__________ thyroiditis is an __________ disease in which the thyroid gland is attacked by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes, causing primary __________.
a. Hashimoto’s
b. autoimmune
c. hypothyroidism
What is another name for angioedema?
Quincke’s edema
List 3 non-pharmaceuticals used to treat migraine.
a. drink water to avoid dehydration
b. rest in a dark room
c. place a cool cloth on the head
d. regular sleep and exercise
e. decrease caffeine intake
__________ are __________ __________ __________ used as first line __________ migraine treatment; they narrow (constrict) blood vessels in the brain and relieve swelling.
a. triptans
b. serotonin receptor agonists
c. abortive
What class is used as a first line treatment of A. lumbricoides? What is an alternative for pregnancy?
Benzimidazoles; Piperazine citrate
What does microcytic normochromic anemia mean as far as the red blood cells?
Smaller red blood cells with normal amounts of hemoglobin within them.
What are 3 signs/symptoms of SLE?
Fatigue, low grade fever, severe joint pain/muscle aches, butterfly rash on face, chest pain, sun sensitivity
What is a possible cause of a malaria infection?
Organ transplant, blood transfusion, sharing needles or needle pricks
What is migraine aura?
The person can tell that a migraine will occur in the near future
Briefly explain the mechanism behind ACE-inhibitors causing a dry cough.
While ACE-inhibitors decrease Angiotensin II, they increase Bradykinin
Name 2 out of 4 treatments that can be used as migraine prophylaxis.
Botox, Ibuprofen, Cefaly, Propranolol
What is the first line treatment for Ascaris Lumbricoides infection?
In both adults and pediatric patients older than 2 years of age, the treatment for Ascariasis is Mebendazole (Vermox) 100 mg BID x 3 days
What are the signs and symptoms of a Norovirus infection?
a. Sudden onset with an incubation period of ~24 hours
b. one or more of the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea
c. Vomiting is more prevalent in children; diarrhea is more prevalent in adults
d. headache, fever, chills and myalgia
Briefly describe the route of transmission and infection in malaria
a. Female anopheline mosquito inoculates plasmodial sporozoites from its salivary gland during a blood meal
b. Microscopic motile forms of the malarial parasite are carried rapidly via the bloodstream to the liver, where they invade hepatic parenchymal cells and begin a period of asexual reproduction. A single sporozoite eventually may produce from 10,000 to >30,000 daughter merozoites.
c. The swollen infected liver cell eventually bursts, discharging motile merozoites into the bloodstream.
d. These merozoites then invade the red blood cells (RBCs) and multiply six- to twentyfold every 48–72 h.
e. When the parasites reach densities of ∼50/μL of blood (∼100 million parasites in the blood of an adult), the symptomatic stage of the infection begins.
What drug class is commonly implicated in angioedema? What is the drug’s mechanism of action for causing angioedema?
Angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors; elevated levels of bradykinin occur due to ACE inhibition, which enhances vascular permeability to allow flow of plasma from the vasculature to the interstitial compartment.
What drugs or drug classes may be used to treat severe angioedema?
epinephrine, corticosteroids, antihistamines
What is the definitive technique for diagnosing Ascariasis?
Detection of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in the stool
What are some complications of Ascariasis?
a. Intestinal obstruction
b. Biliary obstruction
c. Appendicitis
d. Intestinal perforation
e. Eosinophilic pneumonia
f. Nutritional impairment (esp. in children)
