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Psych 100 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

Chapter 13+14

1
Q

Jackie frequently talks to herself while she is working out her math homework. Her roommate sometimes hears her and wonders if she is OK. Does she have a psychological problem?

A

Talking to ourselves out loud is unusual and can be a symptom of schizophrenia, but just because we do it once in awhile does not mean that there is anything wrong with us. Based on what we know about Jackie, there doesn’t seem to be any disorder, but we would need more information to be certain.

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2
Q

Harriet gets depressed during the winter months when the light is low. She sometimes stays in her pajamas for the whole weekend, eating chocolate and watching TV. She usually gains weight during this time, but she still manages to take care of her school work during this time. Does she have a psychological problem?

A

It is natural to be depressed, particularly in the long winter nights, but how severe should this depression be, and how long should it last? If the negative feelings last for an extended time and begin to lead Harriet to miss work or classes, then they may become symptoms of a mood disorder. In this case, although there is distress, there doesn’t seem to be dysfunction.

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3
Q

Charlie believes that the noises made by cars and planes going by outside his house have secret meanings. He is convinced that he was involved in the start of a nuclear war and that the only way for him to survive is to find the answer to a difficult riddle. Does he have a psychological problem?

A

Charlie seems to have some unusual beliefs that could be consistent with schizophrenia. However, we don’t know enough to make that determination yet. First, we need to find out how distressing the thoughts are, and how much his beliefs affect his life.

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4
Q

Frank seems to be afraid of a lot of things. He worries about driving on the highway and about severe weather that may come through his neighborhood. But mostly he fears mice, checking under his bed frequently to see if any are present. Does he have a psychological problem?

A

It is normal to worry about things, but when does worry turn into a debilitating anxiety disorder? Again, the answer lies in the extent to which they are (or are not) interfering with Frank’s functioning in society. For example, a psychologist would want to know if Frank’s fear of driving on the highway caused him to avoid driving on the highway (or avoid driving altogether).

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5
Q

A psychological disorder encompasses all of the behaviors below except?

A: Behavior is considered deviant in that person’s culture or society
B: Impairment of a person’s normal functioning
C: Dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress
D: Culturally appropriate behavior that doesn’t cause distress or impair normal functioning

A

The answer is D. Culturally appropriate behavior that doesn’t cause distress or impair their normal functioning would not be a symptom of a psychological disorder.

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6
Q

Patterns of inner experience and behavior are thought to reflect the presence of a psychological disorder if they ________?

A

lead to significant distress and impairment in one’s life

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7
Q

Harmful dysfunction

A

model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function

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8
Q

Etiology

A

cause or causes of a psychological disorder

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9
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

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10
Q

Atypical

A

describes behaviors or feelings that deviate from the norm

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11
Q

Psychopathology

A

study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder

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12
Q

Abbie has suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) ever since she was in a car accident last year. Recently, she has also become depressed. What term best describes her condition?

A

Comorbidity. Comorbidity refers to an individual having two or more diagnoses at the same time.

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13
Q

DSM 5

A

the DSM-5 mentions that 41% of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) also meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (Figure 2). Drug use is highly comorbid with other mental illnesses; 6 out of 10 people who have a substance use disorder also suffer from another form of mental illness (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2007).DSM-5, includes revisions in the organization and naming of categories and in the diagnostic criteria for various disorders (Regier, Kuhl, & Kupfer, 2012), while emphasizing careful consideration of the importance of gender and cultural difference in the expression of various symptoms (Fisher, 2010).The DSM-5 is also criticized on the grounds that its diagnostic criteria have been loosened, thereby threatening to “turn our current diagnostic inflation into diagnostic hyperinflation. DSM-5, however, has removed this bereavement exclusion, essentially meaning that grief and sadness after a loved one’s death can constitute major depressive disorder.

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14
Q

Imagine that your professor asked you to look up what percentage of people in the United States currently have a diagnosis of depression. What is another term for this number?

A

Prevalence

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT included in the DSM-5?

A

While causes of disorders are often explored by mental health professionals, specific causes are not typically included in the DSM-5.

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16
Q

A study based on over 9,000 U. S. residents found that the most prevalent disorder was ________.

A

Major depressive disorder was the most prevalent disorder, and other disorders may be comorbid with it.

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17
Q

The letters in the abbreviation DSM-5 stand for

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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18
Q

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the DSM differ in various ways. What are some of the differences in these two classification systems?

A

A study that compared the use of the two classification systems found that worldwide the ICD is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the DSM is more valued for research

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19
Q

Which statement is TRUE about the ICD and DSM?

A: Internationally, the ICD is used more often for clinical diagnosis and the DSM is used more for research and by U.S. mental health professionals
B: The ICD has never been revised
C: Only the DSM is widely used and accepted
D:The DSM is used to examine the general health of populations internationally

A

A. The ICD is used more frequently for clinical diagnosis while the DSM is more popular for research and amongst mental health professionals in the United States.

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20
Q

Comorbitdy

A

co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual

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21
Q

diagnosis

A

determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents

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22
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

A

authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)

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23
Q

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

A

authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)

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24
Q

Dr. Anastasia believes that major depressive disorder is caused by an over-secretion of cortisol. His view on the cause of major depressive disorder reflects a __________ perspective.

A

Biological

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25
Why is the perspective one uses in explaining a psychological disorder important?
The perspective one uses in explaining a psychological disorder consists of assumptions that will guide how to best study and understand the nature of a disorder, including its causes, and how to most effectively treat the disorder.
26
The diathesis-stress model presumes that psychopathology results from __________.
The diathesis-stress model combines the psychological and biological approaches, suggesting an underlying vulnerability (a diathesis) to a psychological disorder can be triggered by negative events (stressors) to activate psychological disorders.
27
diathesis-stress model
suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress; model of psychopathology
28
supernatural
describes a force beyond scientific understanding
29
A phobia is a(n) __________ regarding a certain object, situation, or activity. The level of anxiety and fear _________ interfere(s) with normal routine, occupational functioning, or social relationships.
specific fear, significantly
30
Which of the following would constitute a safety behavior? A. avoiding eye contact B. encountering a phobic stimulus in the company of other people C. avoiding a field where snakes are likely to be present D. worrying as a distraction from painful memories
A. Avoiding eye contact is a safety behavior someone with social anxiety may engage in, in an effort to reduce negative social outcomes.
31
Mary, a 51 year-old woman, stays in her home virtually all of the time. She has had panic attacks in public places before, and she found this to be very embarrassing. She relies on her son to bring her groceries.
Mary has agoraphobia, which is a fear of situations where escape is difficult, often related to panic attacks.
32
Steven, a 22 year-old college student, is very nervous around most people. He dreads having to speak to other students in his classes. Whenever he has to speak in public, he feels nauseated, and worries that others can tell how nervous he is.
Steven has social phobia (social anxiety disorder), which is a fear of social situations or extreme shyness.
33
Jessica, an 18 year-old woman, is terrified of heights. She recently went on a vacation with her family, and insisted that they stay in a hotel room that was on the first floor. She also hates climbing ladders.
Jessica has acrophobia, which is fear of heights.
34
Anxiety disorder
characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
35
Agoraphobia
anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack
36
Saftey Behavior
mental and behavior acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder
37
specific phobia
anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
38
social anxiety disorder
characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
39
A period of time characterized by sudden anxiety and terror is known as a ________ . These usually last about ______ minutes. Sufferers of panic attacks exhibit _______ change in behaviour as a result of feeling fear about having another panic attack and its consequences.
panic attack, 10, significant
40
Describe how cognitive theories of the etiology of anxiety disorders differ from learning theories.
Learning theories suggest that some anxiety disorders, especially specific phobia, can develop through a number of learning mechanisms. These mechanisms can include classical and operant conditioning, modeling, or vicarious learning. Cognitive theories, in contrast, assume that some anxiety disorder, especially panic disorder, develop through cognitive misinterpretations of anxiety and other symptoms.
41
In which of the following anxiety disorders is the person in a continuous state of excessive, pointless worry and apprehension?
Generalized anxiety disorder
42
Panic disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks
43
panic attack
period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological
44
social anxiety disorder
characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
45
anxiety disorder
characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
46
locus coeruleus
area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body’s fight-or-flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder
47
generalized anxiety disorder
characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
48
Research indicates that the symptoms of OCD __________.
are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex
49
Discuss the common elements of each of the three disorders covered in this section: obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder.
Each of the three disorders is characterized by repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts. For example, repetitive thoughts include concerns over contamination (OCD), imaged physical defects (body dysmorphic disorder), and over discarding one’s possessions (hoarding disorder). An uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behaviors and mental acts include persistent hand-washing (OCD), constantly looking in the mirror (body dysmorphic disorder), and engaging in efforts to acquire new possessions (hoarding disorder).
50
orbitofrontal cortex
area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
51
hoarding disorder
characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness
52
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors
53
flight of ideas
symptom of mania that involves an abruptly switching in conversation from one topic to another
54
persistent depressive disorder
depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood
55
depressive disorder
one of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature
56
mood disorder
one of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders
57
peripartum onset
subtype of depression that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth
58
hopelessness theory
cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression
59
rumination
in depression, tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one’s depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences
60
major depressive disorder
commonly referred to as “depression” or “major depression,” characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well other symptoms
61
seasonal pattern
subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year
62
Studies examining the genetic predisposition of some people to depression have focused on the neurotransmitter __________.
serotonin. Research on genetic influences of depression have focused on the 5-HTT gene, which is known to be important in the production and use of serotonin.
63
diathesis-stress
theory in which certain predispositions or vulnerability factors influence one’s reaction to stress
64
catatonic behavior
decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor
65
delusion
belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence
66
disorganized/abnormal motor behavior
highly unusual behaviors and movements (such as child-like behaviors), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures
67
disorganized thinking
disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says
68
dopamine hypothesis
theory of schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
69
grandiose delusion
characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
70
hallucination
perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia
71
negative symptom
characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, or drives, such as an expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure
72
paranoid delusion
characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them
73
prodromal symptom
in schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis
74
schizophrenia
evere disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms
75
somatic delusion
belief that something highly unusual is happening to one’s body or internal organs
76
ventricle
one of the fluid-filled cavities within the brain
77
depersonalization/derealization disorder
dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)
78
dissociative amnesia
dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
79
dissociative disorders
group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from his or her core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory
80
dissociative fugue
symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one’s home and experiences confusion about his or her identity
81
dissociative identity disorder
dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged
82
antisocial personality disorder
characterized by a lack of regard for others’ rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
83
borderline personality disorder
instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behavior and moods, and intense and inappropriate anger
84
personality disorder
group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one’s culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personality style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social relationships
85
transference
process in psychoanalysis in which the patient transfers all of the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient’s other relationships to the psychoanalyst
86
psychoanalysis
therapeutic orientation developed by Sigmund Freud that employs free association, dream analysis, and transference to uncover repressed feelings
87
dream analysis
technique in psychoanalysis in which patients recall their dreams and the psychoanalyst interprets them to reveal unconscious desires or struggles
88
biomedical therapy
treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
89
free association
technique in psychoanalysis in which the patient says whatever comes to mind at the moment
90
psychotherapy
(also, psychodynamic psychotherapy) psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
91
rational emotive therapy (RET)
form of cognitive-behavioral therapy
92
cognitive-behavioral therapy
form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
93
cognitive therapy
form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person’s thoughts lead to feelings of distress, with the aim of helping them change these irrational thoughts
94

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