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EEB263 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • Obtains oxygen from the environment and brings it to the bloodstream
  • Organs are found in or derived from pharynx in most vertebrates
  • Gills are the typical respiratory organs in fishes that reside on the walls of pharyngeal slits
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2
Q

Development of Pharyngeal Slits

A
  • Occur between the pharynx (anterior part of the archenteron) and the outside world
  • Occurs through the pocketing of the endoderm and ectoderm until they meet and form a passage
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3
Q

Pharyngeal Slits in Jawed Fishes

A

Consists of five slits and an optional spiracle

- Sharks have several interbranchial septa, branchial adductors and separate openings for each arch

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4
Q

Pharyngeal Slits in Cyclostomes

A
  • Spherical pouches rather than vertical slits, with small circular external openings
  • Each pouch opens individually to the outside
  • Lampreys have a horizontal separation between the “esophagus” an respiratory portion of the pharynx; can be isolated using a flap-like velum
  • When just swimming around, the velum is open, but when feeding it would close otherwise the liquid food (blood) could pass out through the slits
  • Hagfish have no internal distinction because they eat solid food
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5
Q

Pharyngeal Slits in Teleosts

A
  • Operculum is present, making a single opening instead of 5-6
  • More efficient system than that in sharks because as much water as possible passes over the surface of gill lamellae
  • Lamellae are densely packed and cross one another
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6
Q

Respiratory System in Tetrapods

A
  • Gills are lost and respiration usually occurs via lungs
  • Perform the same function as gills but are not homologous
  • Pharynx is smaller and functionally is less important, but still involved
  • Lungs form ventrally from the pharynx, through the glottis which gives way to a series of tubes that carry air to the lungs
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7
Q

Swimbladder

A

Organ in teleosts that resembles lungs

  • Dorsal instead of ventral in position
  • Not used for gas exchange but as a hydrostatic organ to alter buoyancy
  • Retains attachment to the pharynx in most bony fishes but this is lost in advanced teleosts
  • Used to be thought that the swimbladder was primitive and lungs advanced, but is more reasonably the other way around (some primitive fish have lungs)
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8
Q

Lungs

A

Sacs formed from the ventral side of the pharynx

  • Not very efficient: air goes in and out of the same tube, so there is always some unexpelled deoxygenated air
  • More derived and active tetrapods have increased complexity and surface area
  • Gas exchange at the alveolus
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9
Q

Bronchi

A

Tubes that branch from the trachea and split into bronchioles

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10
Q

Bronchioles

A

Tubes that branch from the bronchi and split into the alveoli

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

Tubes that branch from the bronchioles

- Where gas exchange occurs

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12
Q

Respiratory System of Birds

A

Very complex and efficient, more so in mammals

  • Can be active at lower concentrations of oxygen than mammals
  • Lung is compact but there are several continuations of the respiratory system in the form of air sacs
  • Air sacs are variably distributed throughout the trunk and even in some bones
  • Air enters the system, goes to the posterior air sacs, enters the lungs (where exchange occurs), and then moves to anterior air sacs before being expelled
  • No alveoli
  • Parabronchi: tiny tubes for air exchange
  • Air is constantly moving unidirectionally so very little “wasted” air
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13
Q

Birds: 2 Cycle System

A

Cycle 1

  • First inhalation: air goes to posterior air sacs
  • First exhalation: air moves from post. air sacs to lungs

Cycle 2

  • Second inhalation: air moves from the lungs to the anterior air sacs
  • Second inhalation: air moves from anterior air sacs to the trachea and out
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14
Q

Cutaneous Respiration

A

Many vertebrates have the capacity for gas exchange through skin and/or internal surfaces

  • Usually limited and an accessory function
  • Most amphibians can conduct the majority of their gas exchange this way
  • Lungless salamanders can do all gas exchange this way
  • Lungs tend to be less complex in animals that do this
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15
Q

Digestive System

A

System involved in obtaining nutrients from the world

- Main organs are specializations of the digestive tract or tube

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16
Q

Functions of the Digestive System

A
  1. Transport
    - Takes food from where it is obtained to where it is treated/absorbed
    - Residue is removed
  2. Mechanical Digestion
    - Physical treatment of food done by action of the visceral muscles surrounding the gut
    - Peristalsis: wave-like contractions
    - Reduces food for chemical digestion
  3. Chemical Digestion
    - Breakdown of food into molecule components for absorption
  4. Absorption
    - Substances pass through the gut wall and into the cardiovascular or lymphatic vessels
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17
Q

Gut

A

Is divided into different parts

  • In humans: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
  • In many vertebrates, the gut is divided into thirds: foregut, midgut, hindgut; but this is not applicable to all
  • Almost always possible to recognize the pylorus, in which case there are two parts: foregut and hindgut
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18
Q

Pylorus

A

Constriction at the beginning of the small intestine

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19
Q

Foregut

A

Includes the pharynx, esophagus and stomach

  • Distinction between pharynx and esophagus is mainly in gross morphology
  • Takes the food to where it is treated
  • Little chemical digestion; many tetrapods have enzymes in their saliva
  • Simple tube with no stomach in amphioxus, cyclostomes and some fish
  • Other fishes have a stomach but the esophagus is short and ill defined
  • Esophagus is prominent but remains a simple tube in tetrapods; specializations in some
  • Some birds have a crop
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20
Q

Pharynx

A

“Throat”

  • Where gill pouches occur in the embryo
  • Boundary between esophagus and stomach often indistinct
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21
Q

Esophagus

A

Connection to the stomach from the pharynx

- Fairly thin pipe

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22
Q

Stomach

A

Large sac

- Sphincter present in higher vertebrates

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23
Q

Hindgut

A

Essentially consists of the intestine

  • May come in different forms
  • Valvular intestine in sharks
  • Subdivision of large and small typical of mammals
  • Usually does most of the chemical digestion and absorption
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24
Q

Small Intestine

A

Consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

  • Length after the first loop of the small intestine is more or less equally subdivided
  • This is where most of the absorption occurs
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25
Q

Duodenum

A

First loop of the small intestine

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26
Q

Ileocecal Valve

A

The separation between the small and large intestine

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27
Q

Large Intestine/Colon

A

Shorter, but wider than the small intestine

  • May be subdivided: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
  • Rectum or cloaca may be present at the end
  • Mainly functions in storage and water resorption
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28
Q

Cloaca

A

Includes the exits of other systems

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29
Q

Rectum

A

Exit for the digestive system only

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30
Q

Cecum

A

Outpocketing of the digestive tract that may be variably developed

  • Typically between the small and large intestines
  • Usually one in mammals, two in birds
  • Some fish have it between the stomach and intestine
  • Size is variable
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31
Q

Crop

A

Sac on the side of the esophagus for temporary food storage

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32
Q

Stomach

A

Arises in jawed vertebrates with the beginning of carnivory
- Has glands that produce enzymes: gastric juices used for chemical digestion

Main Functions:

  • Dump for food in order to feed it to the intestine at a constant rate
  • Peristaltic contractions help reduce food size

Some specializations

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33
Q

Bird Stomach

A

Two part stomach

  • Proximally: proventriculus
  • Distally: gizzard
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34
Q

Proventriculus

A

Glandular part of the stomach in birds

  • Proximal
  • Secretes gastric juices to aid in digestion
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35
Q

Gizzard

A

Thick, muscular portion of the stomach in birds

  • Distal
  • Contains grit and sometimes small pebbles that have been intentionally digested
  • Grit/pebbles help grind large, harder foodstuffs

Also present in crocodilians

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36
Q

Ruminant Stomach

A

Four-chambered; part esophagus, part stomach

  • Other mammals have complex stomachs but in a different arrangement
  • Part of a fermentation system
  • One or more chambers support microorganisms that carry out digestion of cellulose plant cell walls because plant material is low in energy and difficult to process

Esophagus

  • Rumen
  • Reticulum
  • Omasum

Stomach
- Abomasum

Rumen and reticulum function as fermentation chambers; material (cud) is regurgitated and chewed again to produce finer particles. Swallowed again into the omasum and abomasum

Walls of the chamber can absorb nutrients

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37
Q

Methods of Increasing the Surface Area of the Intestine

A
  1. Lengthen
    - Longer tube = more surface area
    - Mainly in teleosts and tetrapods
  2. Spiral Valve
    - Lengthens and slows passage
    - Typical of primitive jawed fishes
    - Typhlosole of lamprey may be related
  3. Ceca
    - Outgrowth(s) along the intestine
    - Variable and common
  4. Rough Surface
    - Fingerlike projections of the internal lining of the intestine (villi)
    - Microvilli: projections on individual cells
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38
Q

Mouth

A
  • Begins in the embryo as an inpocketing of ectoderm (stomodeum)
  • The boundary between the ectoderm and endoderm breaks down, completing the passage
  • Mouth consists only of the opening
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39
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Posterior to the mouth, also forms from the stomodeum

- Includes Rathke’s pouch and nasal pit, both of which migrate variably in different organisms

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40
Q

Rathke’s Pouch

A

A.K.A. Hypophyseal Pouch

  • Middorsal pit in the roof of the stomodeum
  • Helps form the hypophysis (pituitary gland)
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41
Q

Nasal Pit

A

A.K.A. Nasal placode

- Formed from the olfactory epithelium

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42
Q

Tongue

A

Present within the oral cavity

  • True tongue is mobile, muscular, forms from the hypobranchial musculature and its base hyoid apparatus
  • Primary tongue of fishes, not muscular
  • Rasping tongue of cyclostomes is not the same

Primary Use

  • Manipulation of food
  • Intraoral transport
  • Swallowing

Other Uses (Develops)

  • Obtain food (frogs, many lizards, salamanders, anteaters, etc.)
  • Birds have very long tongues that loop around the head and attach to the rostrum

Taste Buds: sensory organs responsive to chemicals

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43
Q

Vomeronasal Organ

A

Organ in the oral cavity that is implicated both pheromone and prey detection
- Tongues may participate; i.e. tongue flicking in lizards and snakes

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44
Q

Oral Glands

A

Various types are present

  • Most fish lack oral glands other than a few that secrete mucus
  • Lampreys have a pair of large glands that secrete anticoagulant
  • Oral glands are common in terrestrial vertebrates (salivary glands lubricate food)
  • Mammals and some amphibians produce digestive enzymes in the mouth (amylase)
  • From enzymes come POISON
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45
Q

Glands in the Pharynx

A

E.g. thyroid, thymus

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46
Q

Thyroid

A

Produces several hormones that are important in metabolism, growth, reproduction and development of the nervous system

  • Begins as a midventral outgrowth of the pharynx then loses connection with it
  • Formed of follicles that are scattered in the pharynx in most fishes; discrete gland in tetrapods
  • Usually migrates a fair distance posteriorly, more and more in more derived organisms
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47
Q

Thymus

A

Part of the immune system and attacks various kinds of microbes

  • Develops from some pharyngeal pouches in all vertebrates
  • Located at the base of the neck
  • Invaded by stem cells that differentiate into lymphocytes that then circulate in the blood and enter the lymph nodes and other lymphoid
  • Most prominent in the young and tends to become reduced in older individuals
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48
Q

Teeth in Lampreys

A

Not true teeth, but tooth-like denticles

  • Associated with the mouth and rasping tongue
  • Keratinized and cone-like
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49
Q

True Teeth

A

Present in Gnathostomes

  • Secondarily lost in some
  • Usually a marginal series but may be scattered instead of simply restricted to the jaw margin
  • Both epidermal and dermal origin
  • Homodont in fishes and reptiles, heterodont in mammals
  • Composed of a crown, root, pulp cavity; made of enamel, dentine and cementum
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50
Q

Acrodont

A

Teeth are loosely attached to the jaw and are attached to it by ligaments
- Teleosts, Sphenodon

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51
Q

Pleurodont

A

Teeth are half in a socket

- Many lizards

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52
Q

Thecodont

A

Teeth are deeply set in the jaw

- Mammals, archosaurian reptiles

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53
Q

Polyphyodonty

A

Teeth are continuously replaced

  • Most lower vertebrates
  • Replacement is not random but is complex and comes in successive waves of replacement
  • Adjacent teeth are replaced out of phase with one another, ensuring no areas of the jaw are never devoid of teeth
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54
Q

Diphyodonty

A

Two sets of teeth

- Most mammals

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55
Q

Monophyodonty

A

One set of teeth that are never replaced

- Toothed whales, sloths

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56
Q

Coelom

A

Space in the thoracic cavity that contains various organs and structures

  • Begins as two spaces that later partially merge
  • Gut forms from the endoderm
  • Coelom forms from the hypomere (mesoderm), which splits internally to pouches that expand to form two large bilateral spaces
  • Mesoderm: connective tissues, muscles, peritoneum, mesodermal epithelium
  • Lateral Hypomere: parietal peritoneum (somatopleure, somatic mesoderm + ectoderm)
  • Medial Hypomere: visceral peritoneum (splanchnopleure, splancnic mesoderm + endoderm)
  • Left & right coelomic cavities initially separated by the dorsal and ventral mesenteries (splanchnic peritoneum)
  • Dorsal mesentery persists in adults and serves as the passage for vessels and nerves
  • Ventral mesentery mostly disappears, which make the coelomic cavities merge
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57
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Forms from the anteroventral part of the coelomic cavity

  • Cavity is initially open but during development a transverse septum develops from mesenchyme
  • Cavity is pushed back in tetrapods by the development of the neck
  • Extension of the transverse septum (pleuropericardinal membrane) develops to cover the cavity dorsally
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58
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Separates the lungs from both the coelom and the pericardial cavity

  • Mammals, turtles, some lizards, crocodiles, birds
  • In mammals, pleuroperitoneal membrane becomes the diaphragm and transverse septum becomes the central tendon
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59
Q

Mesenteries

A

Two apposed sheets of splanchnic hypomere

- Secure the integrity of cavities, define spaces for organ activity, isolate organs from one another

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60
Q

Ventral Mesentery

A

Area for expansion for the liver (which is a ventral outgrowth of the gut)

  • This creates two distinct mesenteries: the lesser omentum and the falciform ligament
  • Falciform ligament is the only remnant of the ventral mesentery in an adult
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61
Q

Dorsal Mesentery

A

More prominent than the ventral and becomes quite complex

  • In the general sense, there are many mesenteries, but in a strict sense there is also THE mesentery, which surrounds the small intestine
  • Mesocolon: supports large intestine
  • Mesorectum: supports the rectum
  • Mesogaster: AKA greater omentum, supports the stomach
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62
Q

Omental Bursa

A

Forms from an expansion of the mesogaster during development

  • Drapes ventrally over viscera, partly due to rotation of the gut
  • Contains a lot of an individual’s fat
  • Contains potential space: the lesser peritoneal cavity
  • Entrance is the gastroepiploic foramen
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63
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland of the gut

  • Typically divided into lobes
  • Supplied by the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, drained by hepatic veins
  • Develops as a ventral outgrowth of the anterior part of the intestine (endodermal)
  • Transverse septum forms the serosa of the liver and coronary ligament
  • Connects to gut via the hepatic ducts that lead bile there
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64
Q

Bile System

A
  • Bile is produced in the liver
  • Carried away by hepatic ducts
  • Merge with cystic duct from the gall bladder
  • Common bile duct carries bile to the gut
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65
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Holds a reserve of bile that can be sent to the gut when needed

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66
Q

Functions of the Liver

A
  1. Storage and manufacturing centre of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats of the body; receives and converts most food that enters the body
  2. Production of red blood cells (early fetal stages)
  3. Destruction of old blood cells
  4. Detoxification and removal of toxic substances from the blood
  5. Produces bile, parts of which acts as emulsifiers to help break down fats and make them soluble in water and digestable
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67
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes/proenzymes and hormones

  • Common to all vertebrates but not always a discrete gland
  • Within the dorsal mesentery to the stomach and intestine
  • Begins as two outgrowths of the intestine (dorsal and ventral
  • One or more ducts lead to the duodenum
  • Exocrine function: produces alkaline mix of enzymes and proenzymes
  • Endocrine function (scattered throughout exocrine): produce insulin and glucagon, both important for controlling glucose levels
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68
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

AKA Pancreatic Islets

Parts of the pancreas scattered through the exocrine portion that produce glucose-regulating hormones

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69
Q

Spleen

A

Major hemopoetic organ (at least in embryo)

  • Not a gland or part of the digestive system, just in the area
  • Also functions in defence, storage and destruction of blood cells
  • Derives embryologically from gut endoderm
  • Loses hemopoetic function in mammals
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70
Q

Hemopoetic

A

Blood-forming

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71
Q

Supraspinatus

A
  • Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
  • Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
  • Action: extends humerus
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72
Q

Infraspinatus

A
  • Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
  • Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
  • Action: rotates humerus laterally
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73
Q

Teres major

A
  • Origin: posterior border of scapula, dorsal third
  • Insertion: medial surface of humerus via tendon in common latissimus dorsi
  • Action: flexes and medially rotates the humerus
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74
Q

Teres minor

A
  • Origin: posterior border of scapula, distal to glenoid fossa
  • Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus
  • Action: flexes and laterally rotates humerus
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75
Q

Rhomboideus

A
  • Origin: posterior cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae
  • Insertion: distal border of scapula, distal portion
  • Action: draws scapula toward vertebral column
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76
Q

Rhomboideus capitis

A
  • Origin: medial portion of nuchal crest
  • Insertion: dorsal border of scapula, anterior
  • Action: rotates and draws scapula anteriorly
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77
Q

Serratus ventralis

A

cervicis

  • Origin: transverse processes of C3-C7
  • Insertion: medial surface of scapula, near dorsal border
  • Action: draws scapula anteroventrally

thoracis

  • Origin: lateral surface of R1-R9/R10
  • Insertion: medial edge of scapula, near dorsal border
  • Action: draws scapula ventrally, helps support trunk on forelimb
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78
Q

Subscapularis

A
  • Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
  • Insertion: lesser tuberosity of humerus
  • Action: adducts humerus
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79
Q

Coracobrachialis

A
  • Origin: coracoid process of scapula
  • Insertion: media surface of proximal end of humerus
  • Action: adducts humerus
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80
Q

Biceps brachii

A
  • Origin: small tubercle at dorsal margin of glenoid fossa of scapula (via tendon)
  • Insertion: bicipital tuberosity of radius (by tendon)
  • Action: flexes antebrachium
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81
Q

Medial head of the triceps brachii

A
  • Origin: shaft of humerus
  • Insertion: olecranon process of ulna (common tendon with lateral and long heads)
  • Action: extend antebrachium
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82
Q

Digastric

A
  • Origin: mastoid process of temporal and jugular process of occipital
  • Insertion: venteromedial surface of dentary
  • Action: depresses mandible
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83
Q

External intercostals

A
  • Origin: posterior margin of a rib
  • Insertion: anterior margin of the adjacent posterior rib
  • Action: protracts ribs, increasing the diameter of the thorax
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84
Q

External oblique

A
  • Origin: posterior 9-10 ribs and lumbodorsal fascia
  • Insertion: mainly linea alba (sternum to pubis, via aponeurosis)
  • Action: constricts abdomen
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85
Q

Genioglossus

A
  • Origin: medial surface of dentary
  • Insertion: tongue, posterior fibers on basihyoid and ceratohyoid
  • Action: depresses tongue, draws root anteriorly, curls tip of tongue ventrally
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86
Q

Geniohyoid

A
  • Origin: ventromedial surface of dentary (just posterior to symphysis)
  • Insertion: ventral surface of basihyoid
  • Action: draws hyoid anteriorly
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87
Q

Hyoglossus

A
  • Origin: lateral part of ventral surface of basihyoid
  • Insertion: tongue
  • Action: depresses and retracts tongue
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88
Q

Iliocostalis

A
  • Origin: lateral surface of ribs
  • Insertion: lateral surface of more anterior ribs
  • Action: draws ribs together
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89
Q

Internal intercostals

A
  • Origin: anterior margin of a rib
  • Insertion: posterior margin of the adjacent anterior rib
  • Action: retracts ribs, decreasing diameter of thorax
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90
Q

Internal oblique

A
  • Origin: lumbodorsal fascia and iliac crest
  • Insertion: linea alba (via aponeurosis)
  • Action: constricts abdomen
91
Q

Lingualis proprius

A

Intrinsic musculature of the tongue

  • Bundles arranged in longitudinal, transverse and vertical groups
  • Responsible for complex movements
92
Q

Longissimus capitis

A
  • Origin: prezygapophyses of C4-C7
  • Insertion: mastoid process of temporal
  • Action: flexes head laterally
93
Q

Longissimus dorsi

A

medial division

  • Origin: sacral and caudal vertebrae
  • Insertion: more anterior lumbar/sacral/caudal vertebrae
  • Action: extends vertebral column

lateral division

  • Origin: ilium and deep layer of lumbodorsal fascia
  • Insertion: more anterior lumbar and thoracic vertebrae
  • Action: extends vertebral column
94
Q

Longus colli

A
  • Origin: ventral surface of T1-T6; slips from cervical vert.
  • Insertion: transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae
  • Action: flexes neck laterally and ventrally
95
Q

Masseter

A
  • Origin: zygomatic arch
  • Insertion: ventral part of masseteric fossa of dentary
  • Action: elevates mandible
96
Q

Multifidus

A
  • Origin: more posterior sacral, lumbar, thoracic and cervical vertebrae
  • Insertion: neural processes of more anterior vertebrae
  • Action: (singly) flexes vertebral column laterally; (with other side) extends vertebral column
97
Q

Mylohyoid

A
  • Origin: medial surface of dentary
  • Insertion: midventral raphe, posterior fibres to basihyoid bone
  • Action: elevates floor of oral cavity; draws hyoid anteriorly
98
Q

Pterygoid

A
  • Origin: pterygoid blade of skull
  • Insertion: medial surface of angular region of dentary
  • Action: elevates mandible
99
Q

Rectus abdominis

A
  • Origin: pubis
  • Insertion: costal cartilages of sternum
  • Action: compresses abdomen; flexes the trunk (draws ribs and sternum posteriorly)
100
Q

Scalenus

A
  • Origin: ribs
  • Insertion: transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae
  • Action: flexes neck or draws ribs anteriorly
101
Q

Semispinalis capitis

A
  • Origin: prezygapophyses of C3-C7 & T1-T3
  • Insertion: medial third of nuchal crest
  • Action: elevates head
102
Q

Semispinalis cervicis

A
  • Origin: neural processes of C7, T1-T3; prezygapophyses of T2-T5
  • Insertion: medial third of nuchal crest
  • Elevates head
103
Q

Serratus dorsalis caudalis

A
  • Origin: middorsally from neural processes of lumbar vertebrae
  • Insertion: posterior 4-5 ribs
  • Action: draws ribs posteriorly
104
Q

Serratus dorsalis cranialis

A
  • Origin: middorsal raphe between axis and T10 (via aponeurosis)
  • Insertion: lateral surface of the first 9 ribs
  • Action: Draws ribs anteriorly
105
Q

Spinalis dorsi

A
  • Origin: neural spines of T10-T13
  • Insertion: cervical and more anterior thoracic vertebrae
  • Action: extends vertebral column
106
Q

Splenius

A
  • Origin: anterior middorsal line
  • Insertion: nuchal crest
  • Action: (singly) flexes head laterally; (with other side) elevates head
107
Q

Sternohyoid

A
  • Origin: 1st costal cartilage and manubrium
  • Insertion: basihyoid
  • Action: draws hyoid posteriorly
108
Q

Sternomastoid

A
  • Origin: manubrium, anterior surface
  • Insertion: nuchal crest, lateral portion; mastoid process
  • Action: (singly) flexes neck laterally; (with other side) depresses snout
109
Q

Sternothyroid

A
  • Origin: first costal cartilage
  • Insertion: thyroid cartilage of larynx, posterolateral surface
  • Action: draws larynx posteriorly
110
Q

Styloglossus

A
  • Origin: mastoid process; stylohyoid
  • Insertion: tongue
  • Action: elevates and retracts tongue
111
Q

Temporalis

A
  • Origin: temporal fossa of skull; temporal fascia
  • Insertion: coronoid process of dentary
  • Action: elevates mandible
112
Q

Thyrohyoid

A
  • Origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx, lateral surface
  • Insertion: thyrohyoid
  • Action: draws hyoid posteriorly and dorsally
113
Q

Transverse abdominis

A
  • Origin: costal cartilages; transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; ventral margin of ilium
  • Insertion: linea alba
  • Action: constricts abdomen
114
Q

Transverse costarum

A
  • Origin: sternum, lateral margin
  • Insertion: first rib and costal cartilage
  • Action: draws ribs anteriorly
115
Q

Transverse thoracis

A
  • Origin: sternum, dorsolateral margin between R3-R8
  • Insertion: costal cartilages near rib attachments
  • Action: draws ventral portion of ribs anteriorly
116
Q

Parotid Gland

A

Largest salivary gland

  • Lies ventral to the ear
  • Irregular with obvious lobules and an elongated, tapered ventral portion
117
Q

Mandibular Gland

A

Small salivary gland

  • Lies posterior to the ventral portion of the parotid gland
  • Smooth and nearly oval
118
Q

Maxillary Vein

A

Crosses the anterior part of the mandibular gland and passes deep to the parotid gland

119
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small, smooth (no lobules), present in the same area as the salivary glands
- Two are present ventral to the parotid and mandibular glands

120
Q

Linguofacial Vein

A

Passes between two lymph nodes ventral to the parotid and mandibular glands

121
Q

Parotid Duct

A

Thick, whitish strand that passes over the middle portion of the masseter, extends toward upper lip

122
Q

Facial nerve

A

Two branches cross the masseter

123
Q

Mandibular Duct

A

Emerges from the anteroventral part of the mandibular gland

  • Whitish strand
  • Passes ventral to a small glandular mass
124
Q

Sublingual Gland

A

Small gland that lies deep to the mandibular gland and ventral part of the parotid gland

125
Q

Labia

A

Lips

126
Q

Vestibule

A

Portion of the oral cavity between the lips and teeth

127
Q

Oral Cavity Proper

A

Portion of the oral cavity, bounded by the teeth anteriorly and laterally, extending just beyond the hard palate

128
Q

Palatal Rugae

A

Roughened transverse ridges on the epithelial covering of the hard palate

129
Q

Lingual Frenulum

A

Vertical median flap that anchors the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

130
Q

Lingual Papillae

A
  • Filiform: most numerous
  • Fungiform: rounded, interspersed among filiform papillae
  • Vallate: on posterodorsal surface
  • Foliate: along the side of the posterior end of the tongue
131
Q

Tonsillar Fossae

A

Located at the posterior end of the oral cavity

- Paired palatine tonsils are located within

132
Q

Palatoglossal Arches

A

Lateral folds just anterior to the tonsillar fossae

133
Q

Soft Palate

A

Fleshy posterior continuation of the hard palate

134
Q

Nasopharyx

A

Region dorsal to the soft palate

- Exclusively used in respiration

135
Q

Oropharynx

A

Region ventral to the soft palate

  • Dominantly digestive
  • Lies posterior to the oral pharynx
136
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Posterior continuation of the naso- and oro- pharynx; posterior to soft palate
- Communicates with the larynx posteroventrally and esophagus posterodorsally

137
Q

Auditory Tube

A

Tube that leads from the dorsolateral wall of the nasopharynx to the middle ear

138
Q

Larynx

A

Chamber at the anterior end of the trachea

- Formed from several cartilages

139
Q

Glottis

A

Opening into the larynx

- Guarded by the epiglottis

140
Q

Epiglottis

A

Plough-like, cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue

  • Supported by an epiglottal cartilage
  • Flipped back to cover the glottis during swallowing
141
Q

Laryngeal Cartilages

A
  • Thyroid: largest, incomplete dorsally and contacts the thyrohyoid anteriorly
  • Cricoid: lies slightly distal to the thyroid, complete ring, narrower ventrally than dorsally
  • Arytenoid: small, multiple, complete larynx dorsally anterior to cricoid
  • Epiglottal: rests on anteroventral part of the thyroid
142
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle

A

Extends between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages

143
Q

Vocal Cords

A

Posterior folds on either side of the larynx

  • Extend between arytenoid and thyroid
  • Glottis lies between them
144
Q

False Vocal Cords

A

Accessory pair of folds on either side of the larynx

  • Extend between arytenoid and epiglottal
  • Larger and looser than the vocal cords, lie anterior to them
145
Q

Tracheal Cartilages

A

C-shaped, dorsally incomplete cartilaginous elements

- Keep the trachea open

146
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Anterior part of the coelom

Subdivisions

  • Left and right pleural cavities
  • Median mediastinum
147
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Posterior part of the coelom

148
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

149
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

Contain the left and right lungs

150
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains other structures (besides the lungs) that lie in or pass through the thorax

  • Heart
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
  • Nearly all vessels and nerves
151
Q

Pleura

A

Serosa of the thoracic cavity

  • Parietal pleura lines the inside of the cavity
  • Visceral pleura envelops the lungs
152
Q

Mediastinal Septum

A

Double layer of pleura near the midline

- Formed by the meeting of right and left pleura

153
Q

Lungs

A

Right Lobes

  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
  • Accessory

Left Lobes

  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
154
Q

Caval Fold

A

Pocket-like expansion of the mediastinal septum, just posterolateral to the heart

155
Q

Pulmonary Ligament

A

Flat, broad, sheet-like connective tissue that suspends the lung in the pleural cavity

156
Q

Primary Bronchii

A

Bifurcations of the trachea near the level of the sixth rib

- Each subsequently branches into secondary and tertiary bronchii

157
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Space, enveloped within the lungs, in which the heart sits

158
Q

Pericardium

A

Tough connective tissue that covers the pericardial cavity

159
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

Pericardium that covers the surface of the heart

160
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

Lines the inner surface of the pericardium

161
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous epithelium that covers the abdominopelvic cavity and its contained structures

162
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Peritoneum that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

163
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Peritoneum that covers the structures within the abdominopelvic cavity

164
Q

Round Ligament

A

Sight expansion of the ventral edge of the falciform ligament that may or may not be present

165
Q

Central Tendon

A

Medial on the diaphragm

166
Q

Coronary Ligament

A

Short structure between the diaphragm and liver on either side of the falciform ligament

167
Q

Liver Lobes

A
  • Right medial
  • Left medial
  • Quadrate
  • Left lateral
  • Right lateral
  • Caudate
168
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Separates the right medial and quadrate lobes of the liver

169
Q

Greater Curvature

A

Long, convex surface of the stomach

170
Q

Lesser Curvature

A

Shorter, concave surface of the stomach

171
Q

Pyloric Sphyncter

A

Constriction of the stomach distally and toward the right

172
Q

Rugae

A

Folds that line the inner walls of the stomach

173
Q

Median Ligament

A

Mesentery that passes from the bladder to the midventral wall

174
Q

Lateral Ligaments

A

Often fat-filled mesenteries that support either side of the bladder

175
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum to the liver
- Ventral mesentery

176
Q

Hepatogastric Ligament

A

Part of the lesser omentum that stretches from the lesser curvature to the liver

177
Q

Hepatoduodenal Ligament

A

Part of the lesser omentum that passes from the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver; appears to head toward the gall bladder

178
Q

Lesser Peritoneal Cavity

A

Potential space contained within the sac of the omental bursa, normally empty

179
Q

Epiploic Foramen

A

Foramen through which the lesser peritoneal cavity communicates with the abdominopelvic cavity

180
Q

Gastrosplenic Ligament

A

Stretches between the stomach and spleen

181
Q

Duodenum

A

Short initial/proximal segment of the small intestine (first loop)

182
Q

Cecum (Cat)

A

Blind-ended segment of the colon that passes posterior to the union with the small intestine

183
Q

Ascending Colon

A

Extends anteriorly on the right side

184
Q

Transverse Colon

A

Passes from right to left

185
Q

Descending Colon

A

Extends posteriorly on the left side

186
Q

Rectum

A

Distal continuation of the colon that leads to the anus

187
Q

Mesocolon

A

Suspends the descending colon from the middorsal body wall

188
Q

Mesorectum

A

Supports the rectum

189
Q

Mesoduodenum

A

Supports the duodenum and contains the head of the pancreas

190
Q

Duodenocolic Ligament

A

Small triangular mesentery that extends between the mesoduodenum and mesocolon

191
Q

Hepatorenal Ligament

A

Small triangular mesentery that extends between the posteromedial end of the caudate lobe of the liver and the peritoneum covering the kidney

192
Q

The Mesentery

A

Supports the jejunum and ileum (small intestine)

193
Q

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes

A

Lymph nodes that are found within The Mesentery

194
Q

Pancreatic Duct

A

Carries exocrine secretions from the pancreas to the duodenum
- Passes alongside the bile duct

195
Q

Base

A

Flattened, anterior portion of the heart

196
Q

Apex

A

Pointed, posterior portion of the heart

197
Q

Atria

A

Anterior, left and right portions of the heart

198
Q

Ventricles

A

Posterior, left and right portions of the heart

199
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Small arteries on the surface of the heart

200
Q

Coronary Veins

A

Small veins on the surface of the heart

201
Q

Intraventicular Groove

A

Marks the separation of the ventricles on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the heart

  • Passes anteriorly on the left to posteriorly on the right
  • Often filled with fat
202
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A

Marks the separation between the atria and ventricles

203
Q

Auricle

A

Lateral extension of each atrium

  • Scalloped margins
  • Usually darker than the rest of the heart tissue
204
Q

Vena Cava

A

Anterior and Posterior
- Where oxygen-depleted blood returns to the heart through the right atrium

Anterior Branches:

  • Azygos
  • Internal Mammary
  • Diverges into the l&r brachiocephalic veins
205
Q

Pulmonary Trunk

A

Leaves the heart from the middle part of the ventral surface of the right ventricle

  • Angled to the left
  • Divides almost immediately into pulmonary arteries
206
Q

Aorta

A

Carries blood from the left ventricle

- Extends anteriorly just dorsal to the pulmonary trunk and medial to the right auricle

207
Q

Aortic Arch

A

Where the aorta curves sharply to the left

- Summit gives rise to the brachiocephalic artery and left subclavian artery

208
Q

Thoracic Aorta

A

After the aortic arch, passes posteriorly and dorsal to the root of the left lung

209
Q

Ligamentum Anteriosum

A

Tough ligamentous band that connects the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk

210
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

Left & right

  • Left passes laterally to the left lung
  • Right passes under the aortic arch to reach the right lung
211
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

Left & right

- Returns blood from the lungs to the heart

212
Q

Brachiocephalic Artery

A

Large artery that arises on the right of the aortic arch

213
Q

Left Subclavian Artery

A

Arises on the left of the aortic arch

214
Q

Azygos Vein

A

Most posterior branch of the anterior vena cava

  • Passes dorsally, abruptly posteriorly then dorsal to the root of the right lung
  • Drains intercostal areas
215
Q

Intercostal veins

A

Drain blood from the intercostal areas to the azygos vein

216
Q

Highest Intercostal Veins

A

Intercostal veins at the anterior intercostal areas

- May enter directly into the vena cava or the anterior end of the azygos

217
Q

Intercostal Arteries

A

Supply blood to the intercostal areas

218
Q

Highest Intercostal Arteries

A

Supply anterior intercostal areas

219
Q

Internal Mammary Vein

A

Enters the ventral surface of the anterior vena cava, formed from the confluence of the left and right internal mammary veins

220
Q

Internal Mammary Artery

A

Left and right

- Mostly parallel to the veins

221
Q

Brachiocephalic Vein

A

Left and right
Arises from splitting of the anterior vena cava

Branches
- Costocervical + vertebral trunk

222
Q

Costocervical + Vertebral Trunk

A

Large vein formed by the confluence of the costocervical vein and vertebral vein

223
Q

Vertebral Vein

A

Heads almost directly anteriorly

224
Q

Costocervical Vein

A

Heads laterally then posteriorly

EEB263 (6 decks)

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