Quiz 4

Question 1

____ is the process of stopping blood loss

Answer 1

Hemostasis

Question 2

_____ is the principle mechanism of hemostasis

Answer 2

Blood coagulation

Question 3

_____ is mesh of protein filaments that traps blood’s formed elements to form a red, gelatinous mass

Answer 3

Blood clot

Question 4

_____ are threads that holds the blood cells together and they seal the
wound to prevent loosing of blood

Answer 4

Fibrin threads

Question 5

Clotting factors are present in the blood at all times in their _____ form

Answer 5

inactive

Question 6

Clotting factors become activated upon injury through the _____ and _____ pathways

Answer 6

extrinsic, intrinsic

Question 7

Clotting factors are produced by the _____

Answer 7

liver

Question 8

_____ is required to produce clotting factors

Answer 8

Vitamin K

Question 9

_____ results from fibrin and fibrin is the result of _____

Answer 9

Coagulation, fibrinogen

Question 10

Fibrinogen is normally inactive and gets activated by _____ and which result from prothrombin from clotting
factor _____

Answer 10

thrombi, X(stuart-power factor)

Question 11

Clotting factors have 2 factors:

Answer 11

Intrinsic pathway

Extrinsic pathway

Question 12

The extrinsic pathway is defined as damage to ____ within ____ and outside of the _____

Answer 12

cells, blood vessels, blood vessels

Question 13

Intrinsic Pathway is defined as exposure of _____ of subendothelial cells of blood vessels to blood flow
activates _____

Answer 13

collagen fibers, clotting factors

Question 14

_____ ONLY occurs inside injured blood vessels

Answer 14

Intrinsic Pathway

Question 15

In the extrinsic pathway, _____ is released by injured cells, both injured blood vessel cells and injured tissue cells, activates _____.

Answer 15

Tissue factor (aka Tissue Thromboplastin), clotting factors

Question 16

Tissue factor is aka _____

Answer 16

Tissue Thromboplastin

Question 17

In the extrinsic pathway, tissue factor activates _____ which activates _____

Answer 17

Proconvertin (CF 7), Stuart-Prower factor (CF 10)

Question 18

In the intrinsic pathway, Collagen fibers exposed activate ______ which activates _____ which activates _____ which activates _____

Answer 18

Hageman factor (CF 12), Plasma thromboplastin
antecedent (CF 11), Christmas factor (CF 9), Stuart-Prower factor (CF 10)

Question 19

Both cascades result in CF 10 to _____ to thrombin to _____ to fibrin

Answer 19

Prothromin (CF 2), fibrinogen (CF 1)

Question 20

____ forms a net and traps the formed elements in blood which leads to COAGULATION(blood clot)

Answer 20

Fibrin

Question 21

_____ is a necessary component of coagulation

Answer 21

Ca2+

Question 22

Patients with severe blood loss are given ____ injections to help withblood clotting

Answer 22

calcium chloride

Question 23

Platelet Activation and the Platelet Plug only occurs ____ injured blood vessels

Answer 23

inside

Question 24

Platelet Activation:
1) exposure of _____ of subendothelial cells of blood vessels to blood flow
2) _____ becomes activated and attaches to the exposed collagen fibers, stopping ____ of platelets.
3) The platelets form a _____ on top of the
exposed collagen
4) _____become activated and then attach a second layer of platelets, etc

Answer 24

collagen fibers

von Willebrand factor (circulating in blood in inactive form), movement, single layer

Platelets

Question 25

Platelet activation results in the formation of a _____

Answer 25

platelet plug

Question 26

The platelet plug ____ blocks the damaged blood vessel

Answer 26

physically (mechanically)

Question 27

Stasis results from _____ and _____ through 2 independent and simultaneous processes

Answer 27

platelet activation (platelet plug), coagulation (blood clotting via CF cascade)

Question 28

_____ can be formed inside and outside vessels while | _____ can only be formed inside a blood vessel

Answer 28

Blood clots, Platelet plugs

Question 29

Platelets activated via von Willebrand factor also undergo _____

Answer 29

degranulation

Question 30

Activated platelets release: - _____ – promotes platelet activation - Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) promotes _____ - Growth factors promote (2)

Answer 30

ADP vasoconstriction wound healing, fibroblast chemotaxis

Question 31

_____ prevents excess or uncontrolled blood clotting

Answer 31

Anticoagulation System

Question 32

Anticoagulation System has 3 components

Answer 32

Hemodynamics Endothelial mediation Fibrinolitic system

Question 33

Slow blood flow is important for coagulation, otherwise activated CFs get washed out and a clot cannot be formed, this is the definition of _____

Answer 33

Hemodynamics

Question 34

With endothelial mediation the platelet plug is formed, surrounding uninjured endothelial cells release _____ which prevents extra or excess platelet aggregation

Answer 34

prostacyclin (PGI2)

Question 35

With the Fibrinolitic system, ____ also activates tissue plasminogen activator, which converts plasminogen into ____, resulting in degradation of activated CFs

Answer 35

CF 12, plasmin

Question 36

____ is pinpoint hemorrhages

Answer 36

Petechiae

Question 37

“petechial rash” seen in kids not getting enough ____

Answer 37

vitamin C

Question 38

____ is larger than a pinpoint, but < 2 cm

Answer 38

Purpura

Question 39

____ are bruises > 2 cm

Answer 39

Ecchymoses

Question 40

Ecchymoses examples (3)

Answer 40

Raccoon sign Battle sign Cushing’s Syndrom

Question 41

____ is the overproduction of corticosteroids from adrenal cortex

Answer 41

Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 42

Cushing’s Syndrome leads to (5)

Answer 42

``` brittle blood vessels severe osteoporosis obesity diabetes high BP ```

Question 43

Prolonged _____ use can have symptoms similar to Cushing’s, easy bruising

Answer 43

steroid medication

Question 44

____ is leaking of blood into cavities or into tissue

Answer 44

Hematoma

Question 45

Rupture of middle meningeal artery is ____

Answer 45

epidural hematoma

Question 46

Normal amount of platelets in blood: is _____

Answer 46

250,000 – 300,000

Question 47

____ is a disease characterized by < 140,000 = prone to hemorrhage

Answer 47

Thrombocytopenia

Question 48

In Thrombocytopenia, ____ or ____ rashes are typical and they need to be less than 2 cm

Answer 48

petechial, purpural

Question 49

In ____ Disease, periodic leakage of blood from mucosa of the stomach and duodenum is common, which results in _____

Answer 49

Von Willebrand’s, hemorrhagic gastroduodenitis--- black stool

Question 50

____ is the increased amount of blood lost during menstruation

Answer 50

menorrhagia

Question 51

____ disease is genetic, and autosomal. Children with this disease have parents with this disease

Answer 51

Von Willebrand’s

Question 52

____ is a serious disorder manifested usually from uterus cancer, which results in loss of blood between menstruation periods

Answer 52

metrorrhagia

Question 53

_____ is the non-production of certain protein clotting factors

Answer 53

Hemophilia

Question 54

____ is a Genetic disorder, children with this disease have parents that DO NOT have it, it skips a generation. Non production of clotting factor cause of spoiling of the _____.

Answer 54

Hemophilia, genes

Question 55

Hemophilia is ____ chromosome linked

Answer 55

X (passed on from mother)

Question 56

2 major types of hemophilia Hemophilia A – nonproduction of _____ Hemophilia B (aka Christmas Disease) – nonproduction of ____ aka Christmas disease

Answer 56

CF 8 viii CF 9 ix

Question 57

____ is a common problem of hemophilia

Answer 57

Hemoarthritis

Question 58

With hemoarthritis, trauma leads to blood in joint spaces, esp. ____

Answer 58

Knee joint

Question 59

Iron released from heme into blood destroys the joint cartilage , causes _____ degeneration of the joint

Answer 59

degeneration of the joint

Question 60

_____ disorders are disorders that arise from interruptions in normal blood flow

Answer 60

Hemodynamic

Question 61

_____ is platelet activation and platelet aggregation without threat of blood loss or vascular damage

Answer 61

Thrombosis (thrombus formation)

Question 62

_____ is platelet plug without blood clot

Answer 62

Thrombosis (thrombus formation)

Question 63

____ can be formed inside and/or outside of a vessel

Answer 63

Blood clot

Question 64

_____ always originates from a vascular wall and always maintains point of contact with the vascular wall through _____ platelet activation and platelet aggregation

Answer 64

Thrombus, von Willebrand factor

Question 65

Thrombus in the ____ system: Dense and strong , firm and small (fast) Thrombus in the _____ system: Loose and weak , loose and large (slow)

Answer 65

arterial venous

Question 66

_____ represent a special type of thrombi characterized by visible and microscopic laminations produced by alternating layers:

Answer 66

Lines of Zahn

Question 67

Lines of Zahn: pale layer composed of ____ mixed with ____ and dark layer composed of _____

Answer 67

platelets, fibrin, RBC's

Question 68

2 areas where thrombi with lines of Zahn can be found

Answer 68

Heart | Aorta(usually the arch area)

Question 69

Example of lines of Zahn

Answer 69

Mitral heart stenosis

Question 70

____ is hemodynamic stress ( normal wear and tear)

Answer 70

Endothelial damage

Question 71

Endothelial damage: stretching of endothelial cells from the inner surface of blood vessel, then ____ are exposed, the ____ formed

Answer 71

collagen fibers, thrombus

Question 72

____ is increased resistance of the vascular wall to the fluid.

Answer 72

Hypertension

Question 73

2 types of hypertension

Answer 73

Arterial | Venous (ex, renal)

Question 74

With arterial hypertension, hemodynamic stress is normal wear and tear resulting in ____, accelerated and strengthen by hypertension

Answer 74

arteriosclerosis

Question 75

Specific changes, such as formation of plaque, | in arterial walls leads to endothelial damage in the arteries...this is called _____

Answer 75

artherosclerosis | Ex: Artherosclerotic plugs

Question 76

IV lines and injections into veins damage the endothelia resulting in ____

Answer 76

Iatrogenic thrombosis