Quiz 4 Flashcards
(77 cards)
0
Q
Nuclear bag
A
Annulospiral endings
Phasic and tonic
Dynamic gamma motor neurons
Static gamma motor neurons
1
Q
Nuclear chain
A
Annulospiral endings
Flower spray endings
Tonic
Static gamma motor neurons
2
Q
Annulospiral endings
A
Tonic and phasic Type Ia Sensitive to rate of change Sensitive to change in muscle length Primary endings
3
Q
Flower spray endings
A
Static
Type II
Respond to muscle stretch
Secondary endings
4
Q
Golgi tendon organs
A
Type Ib
Proprioceptive/sensory feedback to LMN
5
Q
Upper motor neuron symptoms
A
Spinal shock Hypertonia Weakness Hyper reflexia Pathological reflexes Clonus
6
Q
Lower motor neuron symptoms
A
Flaccid paralysis Hypotonia Atrophy Fibrillations/fasciculations Weakness Hyporeflexia/areflexia
7
Q
Medial motor neuron pool
A
Axial and girdle muscles
8
Q
Lateral motor neuron pools
A
Distal muscles
9
Q
Anterior motor neuron pools
A
Extensor muscles
10
Q
Posterior motor neuron pools
A
Flexor muscles
11
Q
5 components of the reflex arc
A
Sensory organs Afferent neurons One or more synapse Efferent neurons The effector (muscle or gland)
12
Q
Myotatic reflex
A
Simple
Monosynaptic
13
Q
Reciprocal inhibition
A
Simple
Poly synaptic
14
Q
Inverse myotatic reflex
A
Simple
Polysynaptic
15
Q
Flexor withdraw reflex
A
Complex
Polysynaptic
16
Q
Crossed extension reflex
A
Complex
Polysynaptic
17
Q
Hypokinetic signs
A
Akinesia Bradykinesia Dystonia Parkinson's Decreased appropriate cortical activity and increased inappropriate activity
18
Q
Hyperkinetic signs
A
Dyskinesia Ballismus Chorea Athetosis Huntington's
19
Q
Akinesia
A
Impaired ability to initiate a movement when internally guided
20
Q
Bradykinesia
A
Reduction in velocity and amplitude of movement related to increased activation of antagonist muscles
21
Q
Dystonia
A
Sustained muscle contractions, abnormal stiff postures, repetitive slow twisting movements
22
Q
Dyskinesia
A
Abnormal movements often at tongue and face
23
Q
Ballismus
A
Usually 1 sided uncontrolled flinging movements UE due to damage to subthalamic nucleus
24
Chorea
Irregular dance like movements quicker than athetosis. Loss of medium spiney cells in striatum
25
Athetosis
Slower writhing movements of distal extremities also seen as facial grimacing
26
Sensory organs of the semicircular canals?
Ampulla
27
Otoliths in utricle sensitive to
Horizontal motion
28
Otoliths in the saccule are sensitive to
Vertical motion
29
Rotate right
```
Right = excite
Left = inhibit
```
30
Tilt right
```
Right = inhibit
Left = excite
```
31
Vestibulocerebellar pathway
Balance and muscle tone
32
Vestibulorecticular pathway
Nausea and light headed feelings with dizziness
33
Rotational VOR - horizontal
Input from horizontal semicircular canals and utricle
34
Rotational VOR - vertical
Input from vertical semicircular canals and saccule
35
Rotational VOR - tortional
Input from vertical semicircular canals and utricle
36
Linear VOR
Eyes move in opposite direction of head to keep object on fovea
Input from otolith organs
37
Lesion of parietal cortical area
Confusion in spatial awareness
38
BPPV
Acute onset vertigo and nystagmus
Otoconia crystals from utricle separate and become lodged in cupula of posterior canal (cupulolithiasis)
39
Vestibular neuritis
Edema/inflammation of vestibular nerve
Severe vertigo and vomiting
40
Ménière's disease
Abnormal fluid pressure in vestibular labyrinths
Feeling of fullness in ear, tinnitus, severe acute vertigo, nausea, vomiting, hearing loss
41
Pure tones
Mix of harmonically related frequencies
42
Noise
Mixture of unrelated frequencies
43
Intensity translates into?
The force of sound
44
Location of low sound
Depends most on timing differences
45
Location of high sound
Depends on intensity differences
46
3 boneyard ossicles (middle ear)
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
47
Middle ear function
Reduce the magnitude of movements from the tympanic membrane but increase force of movement on the oval window
48
Oval window
Located at footplate of stapes
| When footplate vibrates the cochlear fluid is set in motion
49
Round window
Pressure relief port for the fluid set into motion initially by the movement of the stapes in the oval window
50
Cochlea
3 fluid filled chambers
| Central chamber = organ of corti
51
Organ on Corti
Sensory area of cochlear duct
Basilar membrane line with hair cells
Perilymph fluid set in motion by movement of oval window
Hair cells move and generate neural signal
52
Transduction of sound waves
Sound enters air -> tympanic membrane -> vibrates -> handle of malleus strikes incus -> moves stapes in and out -> vibrates oval window -> pressure chain results in motion of cochlear fluid (perilymph) -> moves hair cells -> neural signal generated
53
Superior olivary nuclei
Processes auditory signals - integrates info from both ears to localize sound
54
Auditory pathway
Cochlear nuclei in pons/medulla junction -> superior olivary complex on both sides of pons the -> (or directly) to inferior colliculus on contralateral pons
55
Inferior colliculus
Interact with superior colliculus to elicit movements of eyes and head toward the sound
56
Inferior colliculus projects to
Medial geniculate body of thalamus
57
Thalamus projects auditory fibers to
Primary auditory cortex A1 (41)
Conscious awareness of sound
Auditory association cortex A2 (42)
Compares sounds to memory and categorizes
58
Wernicke area
Auditory association area (22)
| Comprehension of spoken language
59
Higher auditory association areas
39, 40
| Reading and writing language
60
Sensory organ in skeletal muscle
Muscle spindle
61
Renshaw cells
Interneurons that regulate activity in alpha motor neuron (collaterals send excitatory signals Ach to Renshaw) fine tune excitatory signals
62
Muscle synergies
Muscle memory
| Input from muscle spindles and interneurons help coordinate activity across spinal segments
63
Central pattern generators
Genetically wired movements
64
Primary motor strip spatial arrangement
Face lateral
| Legs medial
65
Corticospinal/Pyramidal tract
Lateral 95-90%
Anterior (ventral)
Originate motor cortex
Synapse on AMN in gray matter at each segment
66
Lateral corticospinal tract
Above medulla runs contra to limb it innervates - crosses at pyramidal decussation in lower medulla - runs ipsi in SC to limb in innervates
Controls fine movement of distal muscles
67
Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract
Travels thru brainstem and SC ipsilaterally
Upper trunk and neck movements
68
Origin of corticospinal system
30% - M1, 4, precentral gyrus
40% - S1, 3 1 2
30% - PMC and SMA, 6
69
Blood supply to corticospinal system
MCA - UE
| ACA - LE
70
Corticospinal system course
Pass caudally from internal capsule and go ipsi to midbrain (middle 1/3 crus cerebri) to pons (thru pontine gray) to medulla (aggregate anteriorly and travel thru pyramid to lower part and cross)
71
Corticospinal system termination
On anterior horn cells and interneurons in intermediate zone
55% - cervical region UE - medial
25% - lumbar region LE - lateral
Other thoracic region trunk
72
Primary Motor Cortex
M1
Input from - cerebellum, basal ganglia, VL and BPL
Final integration occurs in M1 - precise coordinates motor response of appropriate force
73
Supplementary Motor Area SMA
6
Planning sequences of voluntary movement (finger taps, tying shoes, handwriting)
Active during mental rehearsal
Projects to distal muscles via M1 and to LMNs of axial muscles
74
Premotor Cortex PMC
6
Preparation to move
Active during pre-movement period
Organizes postural adjustments
Projects to reticulospinal tracts axial and distal muscles
75
PMC unilateral lesion
Decreased strength, not paralysis, difficulty coordinating bilateral arm movements
76
Posterior Parietal Cortex
5 7
Integrate info about spatial arrangement of objects with somatosensory input needed for reach and grasp
Project to SMA and PMC
