Quiz 4 Flashcards

Question

GAS EXCHANGE 1) The area or barrier where gas is exchanged is called: 1A) 2 main functions from #1 2) Air is separated from capillary bed via three things: 3) How does O2 and CO2 cross barrier to get in / out of blood (capillary) 4) How does #3 work? 5) Connection or channel between 2 alveoli is called:

Answer 1

1) Blood air barrier 1A) Physically separates air from blood (barrier), and allows gas exchange 2) - Type I pneumocytes - Fused basement membranes (Type 1 pneumocyte cells and capillary cells) - Endothilial cells of capillary (wall of capillary) 3) Diffusion 4) Molecules move from areas of HIGH CONCENTRATION to LOW CONCENTRATION. In alveoli, O2 is highly concentrated, but it is low in capillaries, so O2 moves into capillaries. Visa versa for CO2. It is highly concentrated in capillaries, but low in alveoli, so CO2 diffuses to alveoli to be exhaled out. 5) Alveolar pore

Answer 2

1) Obstructive and restrictive 2) - Obstructive: air flow is IMPEDED/OBSTRUCTED (problem in air flow). - Restrictive: VOLUME of air is being REDUCED (I can't expand the lungs). ``` 3) OBSTRUCTIVE: - Asthma - Emphysema - Bronchitis (COPD is bigger term for these conditions) ``` RESTRICTIVE: - Obesity - Pregnancy - Weak thoracic wall muscles - Scoliosis, muscular dystrophy 4) It is an obstructive pulmonary disorder, airways obstructed by some reaction so smooth muscle restricts, mucus builds up, hyper sensitivity, inflammation, mucous production ... triggered by a toxin or allergy or even exercise. 5) Periods of normal function, then periods of non-normal function (and responds to medication) 6) Chronic bronchitis is an INFLAMMATION OF AIRWAYS. It results in coughing (with phlegm) that you have every day, and that occurs often. The inflammation occurs when the tiny hair-like projections — called CILIA — that line your bronchial tubes are DAMAGED. Normal cilia help propel mucus up the bronchial tubes. But when cilia are damaged, it becomes harder to cough up mucus, which in turn causes more coughing, more irritation, and more mucus production. 7) Emphysema occurs when the tiny air sacs (ALVEOLI) in your lungs — the alveoli — break down (elastic fibers around air sacs get ruined) and so the alveoli become LARGER. With the destruction of the alveoli, your lungs are less able to get oxygen out of the air and less effective at getting rid of carbon dioxide (gas exchange). The walls of the damaged air sacs are stretched and less flexible, so that air is trapped inside the lungs.

Answer 3

1) External and Internal respiration. - External: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and capillaries (blood air barrier) in the LUNG. - Internal: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between CAPILLARIES in body tissues (systemic capillaries) 2) - Ventilation is the breathing part (inspiration and expiration of air) - Respiration is the GAS EXCHANGE part 3) Boyles law simply states that as the VOLUME increases, the PRESSURE will decrease. And as the volume DECREASES, the pressure will INCREASE ... INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL 4) As we take a breathe, we increase the volume in the lungs and thus decrease the pressure. Air moves from HIGH to LOW pressure. Then as we exhale, the volume decreases and so the pressure increases (air moves out of lungs from high pressure to low pressure) 5) FALSE. From high pressure to low pressure 6) Diaphragm and Ex. intercostal m's 7) Diaphragm relaxes, but Internal Intercostal m's (help of abdominals during forced expiration) 8) - IN the lungs - OUT of lungs (Just think where air is moving to, and it goes from higher concentration to lower concentration).

Answer 4

1) When air (or liquid, puss, blood, object) gets into pleural cavity between parietal pleura and visceral pleura of lung(s) 2) Collapsed lung ... so decreased lung volume, thus decreased gas exchange. 2A) Atelectasis 3) Hemothorax 4) When air gets IN pleural space but can't escape ... so you get pressure on surrounding tissues, and this causes a MEDIASTINAL SHIFT which is very dangerous.

Answer 5

1) - Airway resistance is how much FORCE is needed to inflate and deflate the lungs (which could be impacted by an obstructive COPD issue). - Airway compliance relates to how easily the chest wall expands (elastic ability). It's the FLEXIBILITY / ELASTICITY of the chest wall. 2) - Airflow goes down - Airflow goes up 3) - Makes resistance increase (less air flow) - Make resistance decrease (more air flow) 4) True 5) - More expansion - More difficult - If a balloon can be blown up easier, it is more compliant. So higher compliance = ease of expansion / more flexible (a highly compliant balloon is easily stretched and blown up quicker). 6) - Bigger (hyper-inflated) - More compliant

Answer 6

1) - Tidal Volume (TV) ... 500 mL - Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) ... 3000 mL - Inspiratory Capacity (IC = TV + IRV) ... 3500 mL - Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) ... 1200 mL - Residual Volume (RV) ... 1200 mL - Functional Residual Capacity (FRC = ERV + RV) ... 2400 - Vital Capacity (VC = TV + IRV + ERV) ... - Total Lung Capacity (TLC) ... all of it 2) Tidal Volume (TV) 3) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 4) Inspiratory capacity (IC) 5) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 6) Residual volume (RV) 7) Functional residual capacity (FRC) 8) Vital Capacity (VC) 9) Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 10) Amount of air in lungs if your LUNGS COLLAPSED.

Answer 7

1) Respiratory minute volume (Ve) 2) Respiratory rate 2A) 12-20 bpm 3) Ve = RR x TV 4) Va = RR x (TV - Dead space air left over) 5) Increased 6) Decrease

Answer 8

1) 4 1A) One with 4 O2 molecules bound to the Hb 2) Shows the relationship between Hemoglobin saturation and pressures of oxygen ... what areas of the body will have highly saturated Hb molecules bound to O2, and which areas will be non-saturated. 3) O2 needs to unbind from hemoglobin (Hb) to get to tissues. And it does that throughout body, but diff. parts of body need more O2 than others, so it dissociates differently throughout the body. 4) Lungs are HIGHLY saturated ... because they just got the O2 and needs to take it to body, and gets its own blood supply. 5) - Resting: Hb still highly saturated (but losing some) - Working/Exercising: Hb and O2 are dissociating and becoming much less saturated. - Because we don't want Hb to have O2 bound to it in working tissues cause that tissue needs the O2 6) (S = saturation, p = peripheral, a = arterial). SpO2 simply means that the SaO2 was measured using pulse oximetry peripherally. Very simply, SpO2 is an indirect measurement of the oxygen content of blood (oximetry) where SaO2 is a direct measurement of the oxygen content of the blood obtained from the arteries (arterial blood gas sampling). 7) pH and temperature - Less (so it's more saturated) - More (so it's less saturated) - Alcalodis is above 7.45, acidodic is below 7.35 (range of optimal is 7.35-7.45 - So if curve shifts UP (pH goes up), then Hb won't give up O2 as easily. But if curve goes DOWN (pH goes down), then Hb will give up O2 easier. - Less O2, more CO2 - Colder: Hb holds on to O2 more - Warmer: Hb releases O2 more - You warm up, so Hb releases more O2 easier for the exercising tissues needing more O2

Answer 9

1) More 2) CO2 3) - Dissolves into plasma - Converts to carbonic acid (H2CO2) - Binds to hemoglobin (Hb) 4) - Internal - External

Answer 10

1) Alveolar ventilation 2) Alveolar perfusion. Pulmonary blood flow (perfusion), or blood going through alveoli's 3) V/Q ratio can therefore be defined as the ratio of the amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli per minute—a ratio of volumetric flow rates. These two variables, V and Q, constitute the main determinants of the blood oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. 3A) 1 4) True - Apex has higher ventilation, base of lung has less ventilation and more perfusion. Why? Blood weighs more than air, so gravity pulls more blood down in lungs. 5) Ventilation (highly ventilated) 6) Ventilation is low (or perfusion is higher) 7) - V = obstructed airway, so really low ventilation and thus low V/Q ratio. - Q = pulmonary embolism, so high ventilation and low perfusion, so high V/Q ratio. 8) If we have obstructed airway, then we are getting less O2 (less ventilation). But if we have an embolism, we get less blood. Thus, our V/Q ratio is mismatched.

Answer 11

- Vestibule: keratinized epithelium in anterior vestibule, and pseudostratified columnar epithelium posteriorly in vestibule - Superior Nasal Conchae: olfactory epithelium - Middle Nasal Conchae: PSCCE (respiratory epithelium) - Inferior Nasal Conchae: PSCCE (respiratory epithelium) - Nasopharynx: PSCCE - Oropharynx: Stratified squamous epithelium - Larynopharynx: Stratified squamous epithelium - Larynx (above epiglottis): Stratified squamous epithelium - Larynx (below epiglottis): PSCCE - Layrnx: PSCCE - Outer layrnx is cartilage - Outer trachea: Cartilage (c shaped peicies anterolaterally, and no cartilage on posterior side) - Inner trachea: PSCCE - Bronchi (main, lobar, segmental): PSCCE *** with less cartilage as you move down, and more smooth muscle - Terminal Bronchioles: Clara Cells - Produce surfactant - Alveoli: - Type I pneumocytes (simple squamous) ... gas exchange - Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal cells) ... produce and secrete surfactant - Macrophages: eat up debry (Or called Type I and Type II Alveolar cells)

Answer 12

1) Without surfactant, fluid molecules that line the alveoli form bonds with one another. This surface tension creates an inward pull that “wants” to collapse the alveolus. With surfactant, the ability of the fluid molecules to form bonds is interrupted by surfactant. Surfactant is a substance that contains phospholipids—the important part about this is that there is a hydrophilic end that loves water and a hydrophobic end that does not like water. Like attracts like, so the hydrophobic areas attract each other and line up on the surface of the alveoli. The hydrophilic ends attract each other as well. So… if surfactant is present, it interrupts the inward pull that is relatively strong in the absence of surfactant. This is what helps keep the alveoli open. 2) It is the liquid / film being pulled together by molecule attraction. This helps keep surface bound and tight ... tension (like example of dropping water into already bulging water. So surfactant distrupts this attraction of the molecules.