quiz 4 and 5

Question 1

The total amount of air one’s lungs can possibly hold can be subdivided into …

Answer 1

four volumes

Question 2

the amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration.

Answer 2

Tidal volume (TV)

Question 3

the amount of air which can be forcefully inspired above and beyond that taken in during a normal inspiration.

Answer 3

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 4

the maximal amount of air which can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration.

Answer 4

Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)

Question 5

the amount of air which remains trapped in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort.

Answer 5

Residual volume (RV)

Question 6

combinations of two or more volumes:

Answer 6

four capacities

Question 7

he total amount of air the lungs can contain–the sum of all four volumes.

Answer 7

total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 8

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑇𝐿𝐶) equation:

Answer 8

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑇𝐿𝐶) = 𝑇𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑉 + 𝐸𝑅𝑉 + 𝑅𝑉

Question 9

the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inspiration.

Answer 9

Vital capacity (VC)

Question 10

𝑉𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑉𝐶) equation

Answer 10

𝑉𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑉𝐶) = 𝑇𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑉 + 𝐸𝑅𝑉

Question 11

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration.

Answer 11

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):

Question 12

𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑅𝐶) equation

Answer 12

𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑅𝐶) = 𝑅𝑉 + 𝐸𝑅𝑉

Question 13

the maximal amount of air which can be inspired after a normal expiration.

Answer 13

Inspiratory Capacity (IC):

Question 14

𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐼𝐶) equation

Answer 14

𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐼𝐶) = 𝑇𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑉

Question 15

Pulmonary function tests, such as….. are most useful for evaluating changes in respiratory functions.

Answer 15

spirometry

Question 16

While spirometry cannot be used to make specific diagnoses, it can distinguish between……

Answer 16

restrictive diseases and obstructive pulmonary diseases

Question 17

affect the lungs capacity to expand,

Answer 17

restrictive diseases

Question 18

cause the lungs to hyperinflate due to an increase in airway restriction.

Answer 18

obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 19

he respiratory volumes can be measured with a simple instrument called…

Answer 19

spirometer

Question 20

tells us the total amount of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute.

Answer 20

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Question 21

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 equation

Answer 21

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝐿⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 𝑇𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚𝐿) × 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡h𝑠⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛)

Question 22

to predict the vital capacity
(gaphical calculting device)

Answer 22

nomogram

Question 23

often a better index of respiratory reserve than is the traditional vital capacity measurement.

Answer 23

The Heymer Test of Respiratory Reserve

Question 24

individuals who have left-sided heart disease are found to have a …..

Answer 24

decreased vital capacity

Question 25

We also see.... in individuals with paralytic polio.

Answer 25

decreased vital capacities

Question 26

is a virus that infects an individual’s spinal cord and causes paralysis. Paralysis of the respiratory muscles affects the individual’s ability to breathe on their own, which resulted in the development of the Iron Lung in the early 1900s.

Answer 26

Poliomyelitis, or Polio,

Question 27

The breath-holding time gives an indication of an....

Answer 27

individual’s functional respiratory reserve and efficiency of their respiratory system.

Question 28

Normal Values for the Heymer Test of Respiratory Reserve Men: Women:

Answer 28

Men: 50-70 seconds Women: 50-60 seconds

Question 29

Because of their importance, the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the lungs and blood is finely regulated by variety of........which serve to control our respiration patterns.

Answer 29

receptors, reflexes, and feedback processes

Question 30

Tidal volume can be measured by exhaling through a tube connected to a

Answer 30

dry gas meter

Question 31

The dry gas meter measures the...... (similar to the natural gas meter in your home) and keeps a cumulative total.

Answer 31

volume of gas that passes through it

Question 32

One can calculate tidal volume using a dry gas meter by....

Answer 32

air exhaled/number of breaths

Question 33

# 1. Metabolic rate

Answer 33

-the rate at which the body uses energy - determined by: (% O2 in inhaled air - % O2 in exhaled air)(volume of air breathed)

Question 33

Thus, the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) is equal to

Answer 33

ventilation and perfusion

Question 33

An individual can increase ventilation by.....,

Answer 33

increasing their respiratory rate and tidal volume

Question 34

while perfusion can be increased by

Answer 34

increasing their heart rate.

Question 35

In the respiratory system, the flow of air is called the...... whereas in the circulatory system the flow of blood is the....

Answer 35

minute volume (Vm) cardiac output (CO).

Question 36

these are the concentrations of oxygen in the inspired air (CO2i) and the exhaled air (CO2e).

Answer 36

In the respiratory system

Question 37

VO2 equation:

Answer 37

Vo2= (Vm)(Coi-Co2e) = (CO)(CO2a-Co2v) VO2= (Vm)(Co2i-Co2e) VO2= minute volume x (concentration of oxygen in the inspired air- concentration of oxygen in the exhaled air)

Question 38

In most resting people, arterial blood is .....saturated with oxygen, but mixed venous blood is usually only.... saturated.

Answer 38

100% 60%

Question 39

each gram of hemoglobin can bind with

Answer 39

1.34 ml of O2.

Question 40

Co2a equation

Answer 40

𝐶o2a = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔 𝐻𝑏⁄100 𝑚𝐿 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑) × 1.34 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2/g 𝐻𝑏

Question 41

Co2V

Answer 41

Co2v=0.6(CO2a)

Question 42

CO

Answer 42

CO=Vo2/(Co2a-Co2v)

Question 43

SV equation

Answer 43

SV= CO/HR

Question 44

During exercise, the oxygen content of venous blood.... the amount being dependent on the magnitude of the exercise.

Answer 44

falls or decrease

Question 45

Calculate the stroke volume during exercise from the previous stroke volume at rest calculation using the measured changes in pulse pressure (PP).

Answer 45

pulse pressure resting/ pulse pressure exercising = stroke volume resting/stroke volume exercising

Question 46

calculate the cardiac output during exercise:

Answer 46

COe = SV x HR

Question 47

Assuming arterial blood is 100% saturated during exercise, calculate the oxygen content of venous blood during exercise

Answer 47

Vo2= (CO)(Co2a-Co2v)

Question 48

The increase or decrease in the rhythm and rate of respiration is controlled by

Answer 48

neural centers located in the medulla and pons.

Question 49

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

Answer 49

If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, there is a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood causing an increase in the blood’s pH (more alkaline) until more carbon dioxide enters the blood cells to form carbonic acid. This mechanism is known as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

Question 50

If we .......the rate and depth of respiration (rapid, deep breathing), carbon dioxide quickly becomes flushed out of the body as we are eliminating a larger concentration of carbon dioxide at a faster rate. Thus, a reduction in carbon dioxide levels due to rapid, deep breathing leads to a decrease in carbonic acid levels causing the blood’s pH to

Answer 50

increase increase

Question 51

If we ......the rate and depth of respiration (slow, shallow breathing), carbon dioxide will accumulate in the blood as a smaller concentration of carbon dioxide is being eliminated at a slower rate.This accumulation of carbon dioxide will cause carbonic acid levels in the blood to increase, thus .... blood pH

Answer 51

decrease decrease

Question 52

Due to the decrease in the frequency of inspirations, the respiratory rate while speaking

Answer 52

decreases

Question 53

The increased acidity of the blood will stimulate ...... that will communicate with the neural receptors in the brain.

Answer 53

chemoreceptors

Question 54

Once the individual exhales, they will immediately ....... and ........ to replenish the oxygen levels in their body.

Answer 54

inhale deeply (↑ TV) breathe faster (↑ RR)

Question 56

When concentrating on a task, such as completing math problems or threading a needle, individuals find they often hold their breath resulting in a ..... in their overall respiratory rate.

Answer 56

decrease

Question 57

To compensate for the decrease in respiration, tidal volume and respiratory rate will ....... until the blood’s pH stabilizes.

Answer 57

increase

Question 58

occurs when an individual takes rapid and deep breaths that exceeds the body’s need to eliminate carbon dioxide.

Answer 58

hyperventilation

Question 59

When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood becomes too low, the brain will force the body to ....the respiratory rate and .....the tidal volume (slow, shallow breaths).

Answer 59

decrease decrease

Question 60

cessation of breathing

Answer 60

apnea

Question 61

are commonly heard of respiratory disorders that affect an individual’s ability to breathe normally.

Answer 61

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and asthma

Question 62

COPDs, like emphysema or chronic bronchitis, ...... decrease an individual’s ability to force air out of the lungs.

Answer 62

irreversibly

Question 63

While classified as an obstructive disorder, asthma is considered ..... as there are symptom-free periods that follow each episode.

Answer 63

reversible

Question 64

KNOW CHART 1st page

Question 65

the rate at which you obtain oxygen from the environment across the respiratory exchange surface of the lungs

Answer 65

ventilation

Question 66

the rate at which oxygen is extracted from the blood going through the capillaries of the metabolizing cells

Answer 66

perfusion

Question 67

these are the concentrations of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood (CO2a) and systemic venous blood (CO2v).

Answer 67

In the circulatory system