quiz 4 - integumentary & skeletal systems

Question 1

components of integumentary system

Answer 1

skin (cutaneous membrane), hair, oil glands, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors

Question 2

what are the functions of integumentary system

Answer 2

temperature regulation, blood storage, protection, sensation detection, excretion and absorption, vitamin D synthesis

Question 3

cells that make up epidermis

Answer 3

keratinocytes, intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells), melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)

Question 4

which epidermal cell produces lamellar granules

Answer 4

keratinocytes

Question 5

which epidermal cells do phagocytosis (immune response)

Answer 5

intraepidermal macrophages/langerhans cells

Question 6

which epidermal cells produce pigment and protect from UV damage

Answer 6

melanocytes

Question 7

which epidermal cells detect touch

Answer 7

tactile epithelial disks/merkel cells

Question 8

_____ is the movement of cells from one epidermal layer to the next

Answer 8

keratinization

Question 9

what are the 4 layers of thin skin

Answer 9

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

Question 10

what are the 5 layers of thick skin

Answer 10

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Question 11

this layer of epidermis has a cytoskeleton/tonofilaments/keratin intermediate filaments

Answer 11

stratum basale

Question 12

this layer of epidermis has a role in forming new cells (does mitosis)

Answer 12

stratum basale

Question 13

lamellar granules that make a lipid rich secretion are present in the keratinocytes of which layer of epidermis

Answer 13

stratum granulosum

Question 14

this layer of epidermis has lots of keratin, is only present in thick skin, and provides toughness

Answer 14

stratum lucidum

Question 15

this layer of epidermis cells are thin & flat, enclosed by a plasma membrane filled with lots of keratin, and no longer contain a nucleus or organelles. friction stimulates increased cell & callus production.

Answer 15

stratum corneum

Question 16

this layer of epidermis has up to 50 layers of mostly dead, flat, keratin containing cells

Answer 16

stratum corneum

Question 17

this layer of cutaneous membrane is made up of dense irregular connective tissue, contains collagen and elastic fibres, and has a papillary and reticular region

Answer 17

dermis

Question 18

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

Answer 18

papillary and reticular

Question 19

which region of dermis contains collagen and elastic fibres, free nerve endings, capillary loops, Meissner’s corpuscles/tactile receptors, and helps with adhesion and nutrients

Answer 19

papillary region

Question 20

which region of dermis is also considered part of the subcutaneous layer, has areolar and adipose tissue, stores fat, contains large blood vessels that supply skin, and lamellated/pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors)

Answer 20

reticular region

Question 21

melanocytes contain _____ which synthesizes melanin

Answer 21

melanosome

Question 22

t/f: pigment responsible for skin colour and hair colour is due to how many melanocytes are present

Answer 22

FALSE. due to amount of melanin produced

Question 23

which layer of skin are tactile discs found

Answer 23

epidermis

Question 24

which layer of skin are meisner’s touch corpuscles found

Answer 24

dermis

Question 25

which layer of skin are pacinian corpuscles found

Answer 25

dermis and hypodermis

Question 26

what can the skin absorb

Answer 26

lipid based materials (vitamins DEAK), gases (O2, CO2), toxins, topicals (steroids aka cortisone)

Question 27

enzymes in the liver and kidneys aid in calcium absorption as a result of ____

Answer 27

vitamin D

Question 28

______ enhances phagocytic activity, regulates immune function, reduces inflammation

Answer 28

vitamin D

Question 29

hair is made up of...

Answer 29

keratinized epidermal cells bonded by extracellular proteins

Question 30

_____ of the hair is made up of 2-3 rows of irregularly shaped cells containing pigment

Answer 30

medulla

Question 31

_____ of the hair has shingles (free edges towards the end of hair)

Answer 31

cuticle

Question 32

this part of the hair arises from stratum basale and is responsible for growth of hair and production of new hair when old hair sheds

Answer 32

hair matrix

Question 33

these 2 things are associated with hairs

Answer 33

sebaceous glands and smooth muscle (arrector pili)

Question 34

what surrounds each hair follicle and is sensitive to touch

Answer 34

hair root plexus

Question 35

these hormones are produced by male and female gonads during puberty and are responsible for pattern of hair growth

Answer 35

androgens

Question 36

this type of hair is nonpigmented, present by 5 months in utero, and is replaced by terminal hair prior to birth in eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp

Answer 36

lanugo

Question 37

this hair type is coarse and heavily pigmented

Answer 37

terminal hair

Question 38

this hair type replaces lanugo (other than that of scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes) until puberty, when androgens cause it to be replaced by terminal hair

Answer 38

vellus

Question 39

hair can be different colours because of ____

Answer 39

amount of melanin in keratinized cells

Question 40

types of glands associated with skin

Answer 40

sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous

Question 41

sebaceous glands are usually associated with ______ (except in the genitals, mouth, eyelids)

Answer 41

hair

Question 42

sebaceous glands usually lie in the dermis and open into ______

Answer 42

the neck of hair follicles

Question 43

this type of glands are absent in the palms and soles of feet

Answer 43

sebaceous (because thick skin does not have hair)

Question 44

sweat glands are also called

Answer 44

sudoriferous glands

Question 45

what are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands

Answer 45

eccrine and apocrine

Question 46

which type of sweat glands is more common

Answer 46

eccrine

Question 47

these sweat glands are found especially in the forehead, palms, and soles and do thermoregulation & emotional sweating

Answer 47

eccrine glands

Question 48

the sweat produced by these glands has H2O, some ions (Na+, Cl-), urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, lactic acid and NO lipids or proteins

Answer 48

eccrine glands. Note that apocrine glands have the exact same things, but also lipids and proteins.

Question 49

these sweat glands only do emotional sweating (not thermoregulation), open into hair follicles, has a yellowish colour due to lipids and proteins, are found in axilla and groin, and only function after puberty

Answer 49

apocrine

Question 50

this type of gland produces a waxy lubricating secretion. it is essentially a modified sweat gland found in the external ear that functions to protect the ear canal from bacteria and fungi, and keeps water out

Answer 50

ceruminous glands

Question 51

this sweat gland begins functioning shortly after birth

Answer 51

eccrine

Question 52

this sweat gland begins functioning after puberty

Answer 52

apocrine

Question 53

nails are made up of WHICH tightly packed together epidermal cell

Answer 53

keratinized epidermal cells

Question 54

where in the nail does cell division occur to produce new nails

Answer 54

nail matrix

Question 55

the whitish crescent moon shaped area on the nail is called the ____

Answer 55

lunula

Question 56

the thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge (white part) of the nail that secures the nail to the fingertip is called the _____

Answer 56

hyponychium

Question 57

the skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium is called the _____

Answer 57

nail bed

Question 58

the cuticle (stratum corneum of the epidermis) is also called the ____

Answer 58

eponychium

Question 59

the functions of nails are to

Answer 59

protect distal ends of digits, provide support and counter pressure to palmar surface of fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation, help grasp and manipulate objects, allow scratching/grooming of body

Question 60

2 types of wound healing

Answer 60

epidermal (scrapes), deep wound healing

Question 61

abrasions and minor burns are which type of wound healing

Answer 61

epidermal

Question 62

_________ wound healing involves detached basal cells enlarging and migrating towards each other until contact inhibition occurs. At this point, the relocated basal epidermal cells divide to thicken the new skin

Answer 62

epidermal

Question 63

what are the 4 stages of deep wound healing

Answer 63

inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, maturation

Question 64

in this phase of deep wound healing, a blood clot forms around the wound edges, inflammation occurs to help eliminate microbes/foreign material/dying tissue, and blood vessels dilate and increase permeability

Answer 64

inflammatory

Question 65

in this phase of deep wound healing, the blood clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells migrate towards each other (until contact inhibition) beneath the scab to bridge the wound, fibroblasts migrate along the fibrin and synthesize scar tissue, damaged bld vessels grow, and granulation tissue fills the wound

Answer 65

migratory

Question 66

in this stage of deep wound healing, there is extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab and deposition of collagen fibres in random patterns via fibroblasts (they're so derpy they just shoot collagen out everywhere)

Answer 66

proliferative phase

Question 67

in this stage of deep wound healing, the scab sloughs off, blood vessels are restored, the collagen becomes more organized, and there are less fibroblasts

Answer 67

maturation phase

Question 68

what is the difference between keloid scars and hypertrophic scars

Answer 68

keloid scars do not stay within the boundaries of the original wound

Question 69

functions of skeletal system

Answer 69

support soft tissues, protection of internal organs, assist in movement, mineral homeostasis (storage and release), blood cell production, triglyceride storage

Question 70

developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of fibres make up _____

Answer 70

red bone marrow

Question 71

the shaft of long bones is called the

Answer 71

diaphysis

Question 72

the proximal and distal ends of long bones where they articulate with other bones is called the

Answer 72

epiphysis

Question 73

the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) made up of hyaline cartilage, which becomes the epiphyseal line in mature adults, is found within the

Answer 73

metaphysis

Question 74

what type of cartilage is articular cartilage

Answer 74

hyaline

Question 75

the connective sheath and it's blood supply that surrounds the bone surface is called the

Answer 75

periosteum

Question 76

the cavity found within the shaft of long bones that contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels is called the

Answer 76

medullary cavity

Question 77

the membrane that lines the medullary cavity and contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and small amount of connective tissue is called the

Answer 77

endosteum

Question 78

the connective tissue sheath that protects bones, assists in # healing, nourishment, and serves as an attachment point for muscles, and is attached to bone via perforating fibres is called the

Answer 78

periosteum

Question 79

the periosteum has 2 layers:

Answer 79

outer fibrous layer made up dense irregular connective tissue, inner osteogenic layer of cells that enables bone to grow in thickness

Question 80

the combo of calcium phosphate (the most abundant mineral in bones) and calcium hydroxide is called

Answer 80

hydroxyapatite

Question 81

when the mineral salts in bones are deposited in a framework of collagen fibres in the ECM, they crystallize which hardens the tissues in a process known as _______, which is initiated by osteoblasts

Answer 81

calcification

Question 82

what gives bones strength

Answer 82

hydroxyapatite

Question 83

what gives bones flexibility

Answer 83

collagen

Question 84

this type of bone cell is unspecialized and the ONLY bone cell to undergo cell division. it is found along the inner portion of periosteum, endosteum, and canals that contain blood vessels. it develops into an osteoblast.

Answer 84

osteoprogenitor cells

Question 85

this type of bone cell builds bone, synthesizes and secretes collagen and other components of ECM for bone tissue, initiates calcification, and develops into osteocytes

Answer 85

osteoblast cells

Question 86

this mature bone cell maintains daily metabolism, and develops from osteoblasts

Answer 86

osteocytes

Question 87

this large bone cell made up of up to 50 monocytes is like a zamboni that does bone resorption

Answer 87

osteoclasts

Question 88

what is the strongest form of bone tissue found beneath the periosteum. It protects, supports, and resists stresses of weight and movement

Answer 88

compact bone

Question 89

what are the basic units of compact bone

Answer 89

osteons

Question 90

what are the 4 parts that make up an osteon

Answer 90

lamella, lacunae, canaliculi, central canal

Question 91

this part of the osteon has rings that give bones hardness and compressive strength

Answer 91

lamella

Question 92

this part of the osteon is the spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes (like little lakes)

Answer 92

lacunae

Question 93

this part of the osteon is the canals that branch off from the lacunae. filled with ECF, and contain processes of osteocytes, and they communicate via gap junctions

Answer 93

canaliculi

Question 94

this part of the osteon contains blood vessels and nerves

Answer 94

central canal

Question 95

another word for osteon is

Answer 95

haversian system

Question 96

volkmann's/perforating canals connect with the canals of the medullary cavity and periosteum, and central canals, and are also known as ____

Answer 96

interosteonic canals

Question 98

Which canals run perpendicular to the bone

Answer 98

Volkmann's canal